The Effect of Fatigue Due to Backpack Carriage with Different Weights on Shear and Vertical Components of Walking Ground Reaction Forces in Healthy Students

Introduction: The risk factors of fatigue while carrying bags with different weights in students are unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of fatigue due to carrying backpacks with different weights on the kinetic parameters of gait in students.Methods: This study was quasi-experimental research. The statistical population of this study consisted of healthy male students. To investigate the effects of fatigue due to backpack carriage, backpacks with7.5, 10, 12.5%​​, and 15% body weight were used before and after fatigue. The fatigue protocol consisted of 10-minute walking and carrying a backpack with 10 percent of body weight. Kistler force plates were used to measure the ground reaction forces. For statistical analysis, paired sample t-test was used through SPSS v. 20.Results: Fatigue in the healthy group increased propulsive force (10 and 12.5% BW), braking force, vertical force of the first peak of Fz1, whereas it decreased Fz2 valley force (with 7.5 and 10 BW) (P≤0/05). The carrying load increased the second peak of Fz3 in most levels after fatigue (P≤0/05). In addition, the carrying load increased the valley (Fz2) by a 15% level compared to other levels after fatigue (P≤0.05).Conclusion: Muscle fatigue caused by carrying a backpack changes the reaction forces of the ground, so it is considered an important risk factor for secondary effects such as abnormalities or injuries in the lower extremities. Therefore, students, parents, and primary school teachers are advised to pay special attention to the weight of the backpack

Growth, photosynthesis and biomass allocation of different kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.,) accessions grown on sandy soil.

Growth, photosynthesis, and biomass allocation of kenaf accessions were investigated. Forty kenaf accessions from tropical and subtropical regions of the world were grown on marginal sandy soil in a field at Kelantan to determine differences in their growth, photosynthesis and biomass allocation. The experiment was arranged using three replicates in a randomized complete block design. Basal diameter, plant height, leaf number, leaf area and photosynthesis were measured, these being the determinants of growth and biomass production. Plant roots, stems and leaves were separated and biomass content determined at harvest. Accession 35 had the highest value for basal diameter (17.44 mm), plant height (251.73 cm), leaf quantity (81.55), leaf area (1455.62 cm2 plant-1) and photosynthesis (16.92 µmol m-2s-1), followed by accession 28. A positive relationship was noticed between plant height, leaf area, photosynthesis, biomass production, root mass and leaf area. Total biomass for the different kenaf accessions ranged from 26.26 to 93.06 g plant-1 (-1 needs to be superscripted). Stems accounted for the greatest proportion of dry mass (67.05%), followed by roots(21.15%). Dry mass accumulation in the stem was highest in accession 35, followed by accession 28. Using cluster analysis, the accessions were divided into two major groups, in which accessions 35 and 28 from the first group had the highest values of all measured parameters. The results of the study will aid in the selection of better accessions for growers to produce kenaf that is best suited to marginal sandy soil

Forage yield and quality of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) for consumption as ruminant feed

This study was carried out to evaluate 40 kenaf accessions for forage yield and quality at Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2009. Forage yield and quality traits were measured at the initial flowering stage. The kenaf accessions showed highly significant variation for most of trait studied. Plant dry matter yield ranged from 5286 kg ha-1 (Everglade 41) to 16801 kg ha-1 (IX51). Crude protein content of the leaf ranged from 13.6% (G46) to 22.3% (75-71) and it was higher than stem which is ranged from 2.7 % (FDW-75-8) to 7.5 % (K465/117). Leaf ADF were significantly different among the accessions, where FDW 75-82 gave the highest (24.7%) while C74 gave the lowest (16%). Broad-sense heritability was highest for days to flowering (hB2= 97.6%) and lowest for CP of stem (h2= 11.2 %). In conclusion IX51, Cuba2032 (with high yield), 75-71 and Everglade 41 (with high CP content), were the most superior among the 40 kenaf accessions evaluated and were found highly potential for forage. These accessions can therefore be utilized in further breeding programs to produce new kenaf varieties with high feed value for ruminant consumption

Diverse histologic appearances in pulmonary mucinous cystic neoplasia: A case report

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licens

Generation mean analysis for forage yield and quality in Kenaf

Several techniques have been used for estimation of peak outflow from breach when dam failure occurs. This study proposes using a generalized regression artificial neural network (GRNN) model as a new technique for peak outflow from the dam breach estimation and compare the results of GRNN with the results of the existing methods. Six models have been built using different dam and reservoir characteristics, including depth, volume of water in the reservoir at the time of failure, the dam height and the storage capacity of the reservoir. To get the best results from GRNN model, optimized for smoothing control factor values has been done and found to be ranged from 0.03 to 0.10. Also, different scenarios for dividing data were considered for model training and testing. The recommended scenario used 90% and 10% of the total data for training and testing, respectively, and this scenario shows good performance for peak outflow prediction compared to other studied scenarios. GRNN models were assessed using three statistical indices: Mean Relative Error (MRE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Nash – Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE). The results indicate that MRE could be reduced by using GRNN models from 20% to more than 85% compared with the existing empirical methods