Immune Monitoring upon Treatment with Biologics in Sjögren’s Syndrome: The What, Where, When, and How

Over the years, a wide variety of therapeutic antibodies has been successfully introduced in the auto-immunology clinic, and many more are on the way. Many of these treatments address either a pathogenic circulating molecule or a cell-bound molecule. Whereas addressing the former target results in neutralization of the soluble factor and binding to the latter target either inhibits cellular function or induces selective cell death. If this targeted molecule or cell is part of the immune system, this therapy evokes a state of immunodeficiency with infections as a possible consequence. Therefore, immune monitoring is needed to prevent such adverse side effects of immunotherapy. In this paper, different immunotherapies used in Sjogren's syndrome, as well as different approaches to monitoring the immune system, are discussed

The Role of Autoantibodies in the Diagnosis of Autoimmune Liver Disease: Lessons Learned from Clinical Practice

Background: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are autoimmune liver diseases associated with distinct autoantibodies. Diagnosis is based upon clinical, serological, and histopathology findings. The role of autoantibodies in the diagnosis of these autoimmune liver diseases, with the focus on PBC and AIH, will be discussed.Content: When AIH or PBC is suspected, testing for multiple autoantibodies can be requested. In this mini-review, the different ways in which autoantibodies can be tested (indirect immunofluorescence and antigen-specific tests) in the context of PBC and AIH are discussed, as well as the pitfalls in interpreting the test results.Summary: For appropriate interpretation of test results, an important prerequisite is that the doctor knows which test is used in the laboratory of choice and that the laboratory specialist is aware of what the doctor wants to test for. Good communication between clinician and laboratory specialist can, therefore, aid in the diagnosis of autoimmune liver diseases

Anti-CCP antibody, a marker for the early detection of rheumatoid arthritis

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Citrullination in the arthritic synovium; the citrullinome, the antibodies and their connection with RA pathogenesis

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Characterization of citrullinated proteins in complex samples

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Anti-citrullinated fibronectin antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis are associated with human leukocyte antigen-drb1 shared epitope alleles

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The rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid citrullinome reveals novel citrullinated epitopes in apolipoprotein E, myeloid nuclear differentiation antigen, and ss-actin

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