Is Justification Necessary for Knowledge?

Justification has long been considered a necessary condition for knowledge, and theories that deny the necessity of justification have been dismissed as nonstarters. In this chapter, we challenge this long-standing view by showing that many of the arguments offered in support of it fall short and by providing empirical evidence that individuals are often willing to attribute knowledge when epistemic justification is lacking

Enterprise Vault and Discovery Accelerator: Email Archiving and Discovery Solution Implementation and the Legal Landscape

One of the most pressing Information Technology challenges organizations are facing today is managing the vast amount of data that exist at their company, especially with regard to email data. Over the last decade many legal regulations have been passed and amended to address these growing data concerns, especially with regard to email, as they contain critical business communications. These regulations require organizations to be able to quickly and accurately search and recover email data related to legal proceedings, which has led to an overwhelming adoption of email archiving and recovery solutions. Email archiving and recovery solutions allow organizations to manage their email data in an uncompromised format, to be able to meet complex and detailed legal search requests and to comply with all the varied legal regulations. Enterprise Vault and Discovery Accelerator is a leading product suite that provides email archiving, search and recovery functionality. This thesis uses the qualitative and design research methodologies to determine how Enterprise Vault and Discovery Accelerator are able to address the legal landscape that organizations are faced with today

Intracellular mediators of transforming growth factor β superfamily signaling localize to endosomes in chicken embryo and mouse lenses in vivo

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Endocytosis is a key regulator of growth factor signaling pathways. Recent studies showed that the localization to endosomes of intracellular mediators of growth factor signaling may be required for their function. Although there is substantial evidence linking endocytosis and growth factor signaling in cultured cells, there has been little study of the endosomal localization of signaling components in intact tissues or organs.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Proteins that are downstream of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily signaling pathway were found on endosomes in chicken embryo and postnatal mouse lenses, which depend on signaling by members of the TGFβ superfamily for their normal development. Phosphorylated Smad1 (pSmad1), pSmad2, Smad4, Smad7, the transcriptional repressors c-Ski and TGIF and the adapter molecules Smad anchor for receptor activation (SARA) and C184M, localized to EEA-1- and Rab5-positive vesicles in chicken embryo and/or postnatal mouse lenses. pSmad1 and pSmad2 also localized to Rab7-positive late endosomes. Smad7 was found associated with endosomes, but not caveolae. <it>Bmpr1a </it>conditional knock-out lenses showed decreased nuclear and endosomal localization of pSmad1. Many of the effectors in this pathway were distributed differently in vivo from their reported distribution in cultured cells.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Based on the findings reported here and data from other signaling systems, we suggest that the localization of activated intracellular mediators of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily to endosomes is important for the regulation of growth factor signaling.</p

Microfluidic device for drug delivery

A microfluidic device is provided for delivering a drug to an individual. The microfluidic device includes a body that defines a reservoir for receiving the drug therein. A valve interconnects the reservoir to an output needle that is insertable into the skin of an individual. A pressure source urges the drug from the reservoir toward the needle. The valve is movable between a closed position preventing the flow of the drug from the reservoir to the output needle and an open position allowing for the flow of the drug from the reservoir to the output needle in response to a predetermined condition in the physiological fluids of the individual

The information age : America's so free they are in bondage

Includes bibliographical references.Although many may disagree, the conveniences of the information age do not outweigh the costs that it entails. These sacrifices include personal privacy, individual identity and ultimately the foundation of freedom that America's forefathers laid in the 18th century. Ironically, many do not see this new age as a process of taking away freedom, but actually adding to it. However, this is not the truth. This stripping of freedom is taking place so subtly that most Americans cannot see it happening. A few methods by which the information age causes this loss of liberty need to be revealed. For instance, the credit industry handles enough information about individuals to monitor them like a dictator. Direct marketers exploit and maneuver people like pawns due to new dominating technology. Yet in defense, the American law system and Constitution can be twisted to become insignificant in light of the raw power of the computer. The future does not look any brighter if America does not wake up to the deception of the information age. Public and private institutions will increase in power while the precious individual will lose theirs. People will continually become less important while the information they can provide will become priceless. This is not what America was founded for. It is time that temporal values be laid aside and virtues like freedom, liberty, and the love for humanity be revived.B.S. (Bachelor of Science

Micro-Fluidic Device for Drug Delivery

A microfluidic device is provided for delivering a drug to an individual. The microfluidic device includes a body that defines a reservoir for receiving the drug therein. A valve interconnects the reservoir to an output needle that is insertable into the skin of an individual. A pressure source urges the drug from the reservoir toward the needle. The valve is movable between a closed position preventing the flow of the drug from the reservoir to the output needle and an open position allowing for the flow of the drug from the reservoir to the output needle in response to a predetermined condition in the physiological fluids of the individual

Expression profiling of ascorbic acid–related transporters in human and mouse eyes

PURPOSE: Ascorbic acid (AsA) is an important antioxidant in the eye. Ascorbic acid is usually transported by sodium-dependent AsA transporters (SVCTs), and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) by glucose transporters (GLUTs). This study investigates these AsA-related transporters in human compared with mouse eyes. METHODS: Five pairs of human donor eyes and 15 pairs of mouse eyes were collected. Immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization were performed to detect SVCTs and GLUTs expression in the ciliary epithelium, retina, and lens epithelial cells (LECs). These tissues were isolated with laser microdissection followed by extraction of total RNA. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed to examine the mRNA level of SVCTs and GLUTs in human and mouse ocular tissues. RESULTS: Immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization showed SVCT2 and GLUT1 expression in human ciliary epithelium with varied distributions. Sodium-dependent AsA transporter 2 is expressed only in the pigmented epithelium (PE), and GLUT1 is predominately expressed in the nonpigmented epithelium (NPE). However, SVCT2 was not identified in mouse ciliary epithelium, whereas GLUT1 expressed in both PE and NPE. Laser microdissection and qPCR revealed high levels of SVCT2 mRNA in human RPE cells and murine neural retina. Sodium-dependent AsA transporter 1 mRNA could be detected only in human and murine LECs. Glucose transporter 3 and GLUT4 mRNA could not be detected in either the human or mouse ciliary processes or in the lens epithelium. CONCLUSIONS: These fundamental findings indicate AsA transporter expression in eyes of humans is significantly different compared with mice. This may explain why human aqueous and vitreous humors contain higher AsA levels compared with other animals