A inovação em nanotecnologia farmacêutica no bloco econômico do BRIC

A capacidade de inovação tecnológica de uma nação é determinada pelo avanço do conhecimento científico, que por sua vez apresenta uma interconexão entre a base de conhecimento científico e a produção tecnológica. Logo, há uma relação estreita entre a capacidade de produção de riqueza e liderança em ciência e tecnologia. Nesse contexto objetiva-se mensurar a inovação advinda da produção científica em nanotecnologia farmacêutica nos países do bloco econômico BRIC (Brasil, Rússia, Índia e China), visando realizar um estudo comparativo entre esses países. Procura-se identificar a posição do Brasil nesse contexto, pois sabe-se que os avanços nos campos da ciência, tecnologia e inovação constituem elementos fundamentais para a promoção do desenvolvimento econômico e social sustentável de uma nação.The technological innovation capacity of a nation is determined by the advance of scientific knowledge, which in turn has a close interconnection between the base of scientific and technological production. So, there is a close relationship between the capacity of wealth creation and leadership in science and technology. In this context the objective is to measure the innovation coming from the scientific literature in pharmaceutical nanotechnology in the countries of BRIC bloc (Brazil, Russia, India and China), to conduct a comparative study among these countries. It seeks to identify the position of Brazil in this context because it is known that advances in science, technology and innovation are key elements for promoting economic and social development of a nation

Sunscreen formulations containing rice bran or soybean oil: rheological properties, spreadability and in vitro sun protection factor

The presence of rice bran or soybean oil at different concentrations (3 and 5 %) in gel-creams containing benzophenone-3 (BZ-3) was evaluated. Gel-creams were prepared with Carbopol Ultrez® (polymer) at 0.5 % (w/w). The influence of rice bran or soybean oil was evaluated on the pH values, rheological behavior, spreadability and in vitro sun protection factor (SPF). All formulations showed a creamlike aspect and pH between 6.5 and 7.0. Rheological analysis showed pseudoplastic Non-Newtonian behavior for all formulations according to the Herschel-Bulkley model, regardless of the presence of the oil. However, formulations containing BZ-3 showed higher shear rates and smaller spreadability factors than blank formulations. On the other hand, formulations with higher concentration of vegetable oil showed higher spreadability factors and smaller shear rates than formulations without it. The presence of oil showed no influence on the SPF values of gel-creams.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Eudragit® : a versatile family of polymers for hot melt extrusion and 3D printing processes in pharmaceutics

Eudragit® polymers are polymethacrylates highly used in pharmaceutics for the development of modified drug delivery systems. They are widely known due to their versatility with regards to chemical composition, solubility, and swelling properties. Moreover, Eudragit polymers are thermoplastic, and their use has been boosted in some production processes, such as hot melt extrusion (HME) and fused deposition modelling 3D printing, among other 3D printing techniques. Therefore, this review covers the studies using Eudragit polymers in the development of drug delivery systems produced by HME and 3D printing techniques over the last 10 years. Eudragit E has been the most used among them, mostly to formulate immediate release systems or as a taste-masker agent. On the other hand, Eudragit RS and Eudragit L100-55 have mainly been used to produce controlled and delayed release systems, respectively. The use of Eudragit polymers in these processes has frequently been devoted to producing solid dispersions and/or to prepare filaments to be 3D printed in different dosage forms. In this review, we highlight the countless possibilities offered by Eudragit polymers in HME and 3D printing, whether alone or in blends, discussing their prominence in the development of innovative modified drug release systems

Liquid chromatography method to assay tretinoin in skin layers : validation and application in skin penetration/retention studies

A liquid chromatography (LC) method for the quantification of tretinoin (TTN) in different matrices (adhesive tape, cotton and porcine skin layers, stratum corneum, viable epidermis, and dermis) was validated and applied in in vitro porcine skin penetration/retention studies. This study proposes, for the first time, a method for assaying TTN in separated porcine skin layers (stratum corneum, viable epidermis, and dermis). The skin studies were carried out using tape stripping and cutaneous retention techniques. The procedures for the extraction of TTN from dermatological formulations (creams and gels) and biological and non-biological matrices used with the tape stripping and retention techniques were also evaluated. The LC method consisted of a mobile phase composed of a mixture of methanol, water, and glacial acetic acid (85:15:1, v/v); a C18 column used as the stationary phase; a flow rate of 1.0 mL min 1; an injection volume of 100 μL; and TTN detection at 342 nm. The method was linear in the range of 0.05–15.00 μg mL 1 (r ¼ 0.9999), and it was precise and accurate. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.0165 μg mL 1 and 0.0495 μg mL 1, respectively. TTN was extracted from different matrices, showing good precision [relative standard deviation (RSD) of <5%] and accuracy (89.4–113.9%). This method was successfully applied in the evaluation of TTN skin retention/permeation from dermatological formulations (cream and gel). A higher penetration of TTN through the skin was achieved with the gel rather than the cream, showing the influence of the dosage form. Therefore, the developed method can easily be applied in porcine skin penetration/retention studies of dermatological formulations containing TTN, and it is able to discriminate the behaviours of the different formulations