16 research outputs found
IGHV3-21 gene expression in patients with b-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Ukraine
The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of IGHV3-21 gene usage and its clinical significance for patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in Ukraine. Patients and Methods: Immunoglobulin variable heavy chain (IGHV) gene repertoire was studied in 189 CLL patients using reverse transcribed polymerase chain reaction and direct sequence of amplified products. Results: IGHV3-21 gene expression was found in 11 cases (5.8%), and its frequency was intermediate between Scandinavian (11.7%) and Mediterranean CLL (2.9%) cohorts. The most of cases (9 of 11) belonged to subset with heterogeneous HCDR3 (heteroHCDR3 subset), and only 2 cases β to subset with classical short ARDANGMDV motif (homHCDR3 subset). Six IGHV3-21 cases were mutated and 5 cases were unmutated. All unmutated cases (all were from heteroHCDR3 subset) had similarity of their HCDR3s with previously published sequences. The differences in overall (OS), progression-free (PFS) and treatment-free survival (TFS) for IGHV3-21 positive patients in comparison with CLL patients expressing the other IGHV genes were statistically insignificant. These survival parameters were comparable also for CLL patients with mutated IGHV3-21 gene usage and expression the others mutated IGHV genes. But remarkable feature of IGHV3-21 expressing patients was high incidence of solid tumors. They have developed in 4 IGHV3-21 positive cases (36.4%) and in 10 cases with expression of the others IGHV genes (5.6%, p = 0.0002). Furthermore, in small group of 6 patients with mutated IGHV3-21 gene expression, 3 patients had solid tumors and one underwent Richter transformation. Unmutated IGHV3-21 gene expressed patients had worse OS and PFS in comparison with CLL patients that expressed the others unmutated IGHV genes. Conclusion: Presented data are in agrement with the opinion about negative prognostic significance of IGHV3-21 gene expression regardless its mutation status. IGHV3-21 expression was associated with development of secondary solid tumors. Revealed high level of homology in heteroHDR3s subset might suggest about possible antigenic influence also, in addition to homHCDR3 subset that was proposed earlier.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ: ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π° IGHV3-21 ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
B-ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ
Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΌ (Π₯ΠΠ) Π² Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π΅. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ: ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΠΉ
ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² (IGHV) ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Ρ 189 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ Π₯ΠΠ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠ° Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ². Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ: ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π° IGHV3-21 Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Ρ 11 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² (5,8%),
ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π‘ΠΊΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ (11,7%) ΠΈ Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ (2,9%) ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² (9 ΠΈΠ· 11) ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ΅ Ρ Π³Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ (heteroHCDR3 ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΡΠΏΠΏΠ°) ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ
2 ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ β ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ARDANGMDV ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ (homHCDR ΡΠΏΠΏΠ°). Π΅ΡΡΡ IGHV3-21-ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ 5 β Π½Π΅ΠΌΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΌΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΈ (Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· heteroHCDR ΡΠΏΠΏΡ)
ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ HCDR3 Ρ Π°Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ. Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ (OS), Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (PFS) ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (TFS) Π΄Π»Ρ IGHV3-21-ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ
Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ Π₯ΠΠ Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
IGHV-Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ². Π£ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π₯ΠΠ Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
IGHV3-21- ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
IGHV-Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ IGHV3-Π³Π΅Π½Π° Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π² 4 IGHV3-21-ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
(36,4%) ΠΈ Π² 10 ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
IGHV-Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² (5,6%, p = 0,0002). ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π² Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
(6) Ρ
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ IGHV3-21-Π³Π΅Π½Π° Ρ 3 Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ 1 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° β ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ Π ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. Π£ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΌΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ IGHV3-21-Π³Π΅Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ OS ΠΈ PFS ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ
Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΌΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
IGHV-Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ: ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ
Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ Π₯ΠΠ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ IGHV3-21-Π³Π΅Π½Π° Π²Π½Π΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°. IGHV3-21-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ
Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π² heteroHDR3s-ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ
Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π² homHCDR ΡΠΏΠΏΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅
ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π΅
Β This section presents translated abstracts of selected papers that appeared in the following periodicals: Forensic Science InternationalΒ [www.elsevier.com/locate/forsciint], Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation [www.elsevier.com/locate/j.fsidi], Journal of Forensic Sciences [www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com] and Science & Justice [www.elsevier.com/locate/ scijus].Β Β ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² Π·Π°ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
: Forensic Science International [www.elsevier.com/locate/forsciint], Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation [www.elsevier.com/locate/j.fsidi], Journal of Forensic Sciences [www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com] ΠΈ Science & JusticeΒ [www.elsevier.com/locate/scijus].
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ
The article reviews and summarizes the experience of validating forensic expert techniques in the Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation. The authors point out the methodological features of practical implementation of the validation procedure. They demonstrate that the specificity, diversity, and complexity of the objects of expert study require the classification of the applied methods in terms of metrology, identification of the main validation parameters of quantitative and qualitative methods, organization of experiments, and evaluation of validation parameters using mathematical analysis methods. They also propose to divide methods into two types: forensic expert measurement methods (FMT) and forensic expert testing methods (FTT). Based on the generalization of information presented in several regulatory documents and scientific publications, the following parameters are identified for FMT: metrological characteristics or properties of the method (specificity, linearity, sensitivity, range of determined values, detection limit, quantitative determination limit) and quality indicators of the method (precision, correctness, accuracy of the analysis result, or uncertainty). When validating FTT, it is proposed to evaluate the reliability of the method and the competence of the expert.An experiment to assess validation parameters is performed using enough control samples with established characteristics of controlled indicators and with the participation of a sufficient number of experts. Requirements for control samples are provided.The authors also give examples of probabilistic evaluation of validation parameters for two qualitative testing methods: microscopic examination of textile fibers and detection of gunshot residue using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. The reliability of these methods is assessed by calculating the likelihood ratio, and the specificity of interpreting the results of FMT and FTT validation is noted.The decision on compliance with the requirements is made if the interval of the established extended uncertainty for the obtained result does not exceed the tolerance field. In the absence of tolerances, FMT is considered suitable for solving forensic expert tasks if the values of the extended uncertainty of the measurement results of the controlled indicator do not exceed the values established during validation. For FTT, a low probabilistic proportion of false positive and false negative results in determining the presence/absence of controlled indicators, as well as experimentally confirmed competence of the expert during validation, are indicators of the suitability of the method for its intended useΠ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ (Π‘ΠΠ) Π² Π€ΠΠ£ Π Π€Π¦Π‘Π ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π΅, Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ, ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°: ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (Π‘ΠΠΠ) ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (Π‘ΠΠΠ’). ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΡΡΠ΄Π΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, Π΄Π»Ρ Π‘ΠΠΠ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ: ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ (ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ) ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ (ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ). ΠΡΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π‘ΠΠΠ’ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ°.ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°ΠΌ.Π Π°Π·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ: ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π»Π° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΠ°Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π‘ΠΠΠ ΠΈ Π‘ΠΠΠ’.Π Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Π‘ΠΠΠ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π» ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π‘ΠΠΠ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ Π‘ΠΠΠ’ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ/ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π² Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈ
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Β«ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Β»
Β The results of validation of the method βMicroscopic analysis of textile fibersβ used in forensic fiber examination are presented. An attempt is made to estimate reliability of testing of this method numerically by the proportions of right and false results and credibility ratio.The testing method under consideration consists in establishing a set of external characteristics of natural and chemical textile fibers: color, peculiarities of coloration, morphological features, presence/absence of a matting agent. These generic characteristics are used in forensic textile analysis.Β As the objects of testing fiber samples from comparative collection of a forensic fiber laboratory were used. Four experts participated in the experiment independently examining eleven fiber samples by eleven external characteristics for a week.A low (2,2 %) rate of false results in relation to the total number of tests was established as well as the low (less than 3,0 %) rate of each expertβs false results. The probability of the right results of characteristicsβ assessment is 30 times higher than the probability of false results.The results of the experiment permit the conclusion that the method is suitable to be used in forensic fiber examination when dealing with various tasks: classification, identification, situational and diagnostic.Β Β ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Β«ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Β», ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ: ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ.Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½: ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ/ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½.ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ². Π ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ.Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΉ (2,2 %) ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΉ (ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 3,0 %) ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² 30 ΡΠ°Π· Π²ΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ².Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ: ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
, ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
, ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
.
ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΠ‘Π€Π£-Π
This work is part of a series of efforts towards validation of methods used in forensic fiber analysis. These efforts address current needs for accreditation of forensic laboratories and quality control in operations.The qualitative testing methodology consists of obtaining absorption spectra with the microscope spectrophotometer MSFU-K and comparing the spectral characteristics of color in fiber samples. The expert determines whether the textile fibers submitted for analysis match in color or not, depending on the results of spectral comparison.The proposed validation experiment algorithm is designed for evaluating uncertainty in optical density measurements and the level of expert competence.In this case uncertainty corresponds to reproducibility standard deviation. To evaluate uncertainty, two operators took readings of absorption spectra of dyed fibers independently in the course of three days, and measured optical density at maximum and minimum absorption wavelengths. To evaluate repeatability, 5 spectra were obtained in a row on each of the three days.The testing was conducted using three samples of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers. Key characteristic points in the samplesβ absorption spectra covered a wide range of wavelengths in the visible spectrum. Measurements were taken using the MSFU-K microspectrophotometer, which consists of a microscope with a spectrophotometric add-on unit.Statistical analysis of measurement data demonstrated uncertainty levels between 7,1 % and 22,1 %. Uncertainty values below 30 % are indicative of quantitative measurements and insignificant variance of optical density values, which corresponds to high reproducibility of spectra and allows the expert to make statistically reliable match/non-match conclusions on the color of compared fibers.Expert competence was assessed based on Β«blindΒ» test results. The experts had to determine which of the three samples were colored with the same dye. Each of the two experts was provided with 3 visually identical samples that were colored with different dyes. The experts were asked to distinguish between fibers treated with the same dye. When analyzing obtained spectra, both experts correctly identified same-color fibers based on matching color spectral characteristics.Positive validation results suggest that the MSFU-K microscope spectrophotometer can be successfully used in forensic fiber analysis for measuring the color of dyed fibers.Β Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ².Π‘ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΠ‘Π€Π£-Π ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ, ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ/Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ.ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ².Π ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ (Π‘ΠΠ) Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π²Π° ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΄.ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ° ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ (Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ½). ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ
Π²Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΠ‘Π€Π£-Π, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏ ΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠΉ.Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡ 7,1 Π΄ΠΎ 22,1 %. ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ <30 % ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΡΠΎΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ/Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½.ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ Β«ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΡ
Β» ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ. ΠΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°, ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ. ΠΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΌ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°Ρ
, ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°.ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΠ‘Π€Π£-Π Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ².
Probability-Based Validation of the Forensic Method "Microscopic Analysis of Textile Fibers"
The results of validation of the method βMicroscopic analysis of textile fibersβ used in forensic fiber examination are presented. An attempt is made to estimate reliability of testing of this method numerically by the proportions of right and false results and credibility ratio.The testing method under consideration consists in establishing a set of external characteristics of natural and chemical textile fibers: color, peculiarities of coloration, morphological features, presence/absence of a matting agent. These generic characteristics are used in forensic textile analysis.Β As the objects of testing fiber samples from comparative collection of a forensic fiber laboratory were used. Four experts participated in the experiment independently examining eleven fiber samples by eleven external characteristics for a week.A low (2,2 %) rate of false results in relation to the total number of tests was established as well as the low (less than 3,0 %) rate of each expertβs false results. The probability of the right results of characteristicsβ assessment is 30 times higher than the probability of false results.The results of the experiment permit the conclusion that the method is suitable to be used in forensic fiber examination when dealing with various tasks: classification, identification, situational and diagnostic
Experimental Validation of a Methodology for Determining Soil pH and Specific Electrical Conductance in Samples of Geological and Soil Evidence in Forensic Environmental Investigations in the Absence of Standard Samples
The paper describes an experiment in validation of a forensic methodology for determining the hydrogen potential (pH) and specific conductance (SC) in samples of geological and soil evidence for the purposes of forensic environmental investigation. Validation was aimed at standardizing the conditions of aqueous extract preparation, since the conditions prescribed by corresponding regulations varied significantly. Given the absence of adequate standard samples at the time of the experiment, control samples had to be selected, and reference values of pH and SC in these control samples had to be determined through average values of the overall set of measurements. The experiment consisted of 5 operators independently conducting six parallel analyses of three control samples, each operator working at a different time and using their own assay kits. Both pH and SC values were measured in two different dilutions, each after 5 minutes, 1 hour, and 24 hours of holding time. Statistical calculations of the obtained set of results yielded reference values for target parameters in three control samples for different aqueous extract preparation conditions. It was demonstrated that when the extract is diluted to 1 : 2.5 soil/water ratio, measurements are on average 1.8 times higher for SC, and 0.20 pts lower for pH, compared to 1 : 5 soil/water dilution. Since 1 : 5 is the standard dilution for aqueous extracts, 1 : 2.5 dilutions call for a corresponding adjustment. Acceptable holding time between dilution and measurement has been established to vary between 5 minutes and 1 hour. When re-validated a year later, the obtained mean values of pH and SC in three control samples of soil fit within the uncertainty interval for adopted reference values.The outcomes demonstrate the stability of control sample properties and reliability of the applied methodology
Measuring Dyed Fiber Color with MSFU-K Microscope Spectrophotometer: Methodology Validation
This work is part of a series of efforts towards validation of methods used in forensic fiber analysis. These efforts address current needs for accreditation of forensic laboratories and quality control in operations.The qualitative testing methodology consists of obtaining absorption spectra with the microscope spectrophotometer MSFU-K and comparing the spectral characteristics of color in fiber samples. The expert determines whether the textile fibers submitted for analysis match in color or not, depending on the results of spectral comparison.The proposed validation experiment algorithm is designed for evaluating uncertainty in optical density measurements and the level of expert competence.In this case uncertainty corresponds to reproducibility standard deviation. To evaluate uncertainty, two operators took readings of absorption spectra of dyed fibers independently in the course of three days, and measured optical density at maximum and minimum absorption wavelengths. To evaluate repeatability, 5 spectra were obtained in a row on each of the three days.The testing was conducted using three samples of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers. Key characteristic points in the samplesβ absorption spectra covered a wide range of wavelengths in the visible spectrum. Measurements were taken using the MSFU-K microspectrophotometer, which consists of a microscope with a spectrophotometric add-on unit.Statistical analysis of measurement data demonstrated uncertainty levels between 7,1 % and 22,1 %. Uncertainty values below 30 % are indicative of quantitative measurements and insignificant variance of optical density values, which corresponds to high reproducibility of spectra and allows the expert to make statistically reliable match/non-match conclusions on the color of compared fibers.Expert competence was assessed based on Β«blindΒ» test results. The experts had to determine which of the three samples were colored with the same dye. Each of the two experts was provided with 3 visually identical samples that were colored with different dyes. The experts were asked to distinguish between fibers treated with the same dye. When analyzing obtained spectra, both experts correctly identified same-color fibers based on matching color spectral characteristics.Positive validation results suggest that the MSFU-K microscope spectrophotometer can be successfully used in forensic fiber analysis for measuring the color of dyed fibers
ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ pH ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ²
The paper describes an experiment in validation of a forensic methodology for determining the hydrogen potential (pH) and specific conductance (SC) in samples of geological and soil evidence for the purposes of forensic environmental investigation. Validation was aimed at standardizing the conditions of aqueous extract preparation, since the conditions prescribed by corresponding regulations varied significantly. Given the absence of adequate standard samples at the time of the experiment, control samples had to be selected, and reference values of pH and SC in these control samples had to be determined through average values of the overall set of measurements. The experiment consisted of 5 operators independently conducting six parallel analyses of three control samples, each operator working at a different time and using their own assay kits. Both pH and SC values were measured in two different dilutions, each after 5 minutes, 1 hour, and 24 hours of holding time. Statistical calculations of the obtained set of results yielded reference values for target parameters in three control samples for different aqueous extract preparation conditions. It was demonstrated that when the extract is diluted to 1 : 2.5 soil/water ratio, measurements are on average 1.8 times higher for SC, and 0.20 pts lower for pH, compared to 1 : 5 soil/water dilution. Since 1 : 5 is the standard dilution for aqueous extracts, 1 : 2.5 dilutions call for a corresponding adjustment. Acceptable holding time between dilution and measurement has been established to vary between 5 minutes and 1 hour. When re-validated a year later, the obtained mean values of pH and SC in three control samples of soil fit within the uncertainty interval for adopted reference values.The outcomes demonstrate the stability of control sample properties and reliability of the applied methodology.ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ (pH) ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (Π£ΠΠ) Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ. ΠΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΡΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ. Π ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π² Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ pH ΠΈ Π£ΠΠ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ - Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ pH ΠΈ Π£ΠΠ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· 5 ΠΌΠΈΠ½, 1 ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ 24 ΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΡΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π°/Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° 1 :2,5 Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π£ΠΠ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ Π² 1,8 ΡΠ°Π·Π°, Π° pH Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π° 0,20 Π΅Π΄. Π² ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π°/Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° 1 : 5. ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΡΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 : 5, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ 1 : 2,5. Π ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ 5 ΠΌΠΈΠ½ Π΄ΠΎ 1 ΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π³ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ pH ΠΈ Π£ΠΠ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ