16 research outputs found

    IGHV3-21 gene expression in patients with b-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Ukraine

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    The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of IGHV3-21 gene usage and its clinical significance for patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in Ukraine. Patients and Methods: Immunoglobulin variable heavy chain (IGHV) gene repertoire was studied in 189 CLL patients using reverse transcribed polymerase chain reaction and direct sequence of amplified products. Results: IGHV3-21 gene expression was found in 11 cases (5.8%), and its frequency was intermediate between Scandinavian (11.7%) and Mediterranean CLL (2.9%) cohorts. The most of cases (9 of 11) belonged to subset with heterogeneous HCDR3 (heteroHCDR3 subset), and only 2 cases – to subset with classical short ARDANGMDV motif (homHCDR3 subset). Six IGHV3-21 cases were mutated and 5 cases were unmutated. All unmutated cases (all were from heteroHCDR3 subset) had similarity of their HCDR3s with previously published sequences. The differences in overall (OS), progression-free (PFS) and treatment-free survival (TFS) for IGHV3-21 positive patients in comparison with CLL patients expressing the other IGHV genes were statistically insignificant. These survival parameters were comparable also for CLL patients with mutated IGHV3-21 gene usage and expression the others mutated IGHV genes. But remarkable feature of IGHV3-21 expressing patients was high incidence of solid tumors. They have developed in 4 IGHV3-21 positive cases (36.4%) and in 10 cases with expression of the others IGHV genes (5.6%, p = 0.0002). Furthermore, in small group of 6 patients with mutated IGHV3-21 gene expression, 3 patients had solid tumors and one underwent Richter transformation. Unmutated IGHV3-21 gene expressed patients had worse OS and PFS in comparison with CLL patients that expressed the others unmutated IGHV genes. Conclusion: Presented data are in agrement with the opinion about negative prognostic significance of IGHV3-21 gene expression regardless its mutation status. IGHV3-21 expression was associated with development of secondary solid tumors. Revealed high level of homology in heteroHDR3s subset might suggest about possible antigenic influence also, in addition to homHCDR3 subset that was proposed earlier.ЦСль: ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ частоту использования Π³Π΅Π½Π° IGHV3-21 ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ клиничСскоС Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ для Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… B-ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ хроничСским Π»ΠΈΠΌΡ„ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΌ (Π₯Π›Π›) Π² Π£ΠΊΡ€Π°ΠΈΠ½Π΅. Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ исслСдования: Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‚ΡƒΠ°Ρ€ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… участков тяТСлых Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² (IGHV) ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρƒ 189 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… с Π₯Π›Π› с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ транскрипции ΠΈ прямого сиквСнса Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ². Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹: экспрСссия Π³Π΅Π½Π° IGHV3-21 выявлСна Ρƒ 11 ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² (5,8%), Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Бкандинавской (11,7%) ΠΈ БрСдизСмноморской (2,9%) ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ€Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ случаСв (9 ΠΈΠ· 11) ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ΅ с Π³Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΡ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ (heteroHCDR3 ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ°) ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ 2 случая β€” ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ΅ с ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈΠΌ классичСским ARDANGMDV ΠΌΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ (homHCDR ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ°). Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ IGHV3-21-ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… случаСв Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ 5 β€” Π½Π΅ΠΌΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ. ВсС Π½Π΅ΠΌΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ случаи (всС ΠΈΠ· heteroHCDR ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹) ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ сходство HCDR3 с Π°Π½Π΅Π΅ описанными ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡΠΌΠΈ. Различия Π² ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΉ выТиваСмости (OS), Π΄Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΄ΠΎ прогрСссии заболСвания (PFS) ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π° лСчСния (TFS) для IGHV3-21-ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ статистичСски Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΡ‹ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ с ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ с Π₯Π›Π› с экспрСссиСй Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… IGHV-Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ². Π£ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Ρ‹ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ сравнивали ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π₯Π›Π› с экспрСссиСй ΠΌΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… IGHV3-21- ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… IGHV-Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ². ΠžΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с экспрСссиСй IGHV3-Π³Π΅Π½Π° Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° высокая Π²ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ солидных ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ. Они Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π² 4 IGHV3-21-ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… случаях (36,4%) ΠΈ Π² 10 случаях с экспрСссиСй Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… IGHV-Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² (5,6%, p = 0,0002). ΠšΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π² нСбольшой Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… (6) с экспрСссиСй ΠΌΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ IGHV3-21-Π³Π΅Π½Π° Ρƒ 3 Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈ солидныС ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ 1 ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° β€” синдром Π ΠΈΡ…Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°. Π£ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… с экспрСссиСй Π½Π΅ΠΌΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ IGHV3-21-Π³Π΅Π½Π° опрСдСляли Ρ…ΡƒΠ΄ΡˆΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ OS ΠΈ PFS ΠΏΠΎ савнСнию с ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ с экспрСссиСй Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… Π½Π΅ΠΌΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… IGHV-Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ². Π’Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹: прСдставлСнныС Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ с ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅Π³Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ прогностичСском Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ для Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… с Π₯Π›Π› экспрСссии IGHV3-21-Π³Π΅Π½Π° Π²Π½Π΅ зависимости ΠΎΡ‚ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ статуса. IGHV3-21-экспрСссия Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° ассоциирована с Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… солидных ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ. ВыявлСнный высокий ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡŒ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π² heteroHDR3s-ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ влиянии Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ влиянию Π² homHCDR ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ΅, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ установлСно Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅

    НовыС ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ судСбной экспСртизС

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    Β This section presents translated abstracts of selected papers that appeared in the following periodicals: Forensic Science InternationalΒ  [www.elsevier.com/locate/forsciint], Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation [www.elsevier.com/locate/j.fsidi], Journal of Forensic Sciences [www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com] and Science & Justice [www.elsevier.com/locate/ scijus].Β Β ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·Π±Ρ€Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… статСй, ΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π² Π·Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… пСриодичСских изданиях: Forensic Science International [www.elsevier.com/locate/forsciint], Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation [www.elsevier.com/locate/j.fsidi], Journal of Forensic Sciences [www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com] ΠΈ Science & JusticeΒ  [www.elsevier.com/locate/scijus].

    ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ особСнности Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ судСбно-экспСртных ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ

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    The article reviews and summarizes the experience of validating forensic expert techniques in the Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation. The authors point out the methodological features of practical implementation of the validation procedure. They demonstrate that the specificity, diversity, and complexity of the objects of expert study require the classification of the applied methods in terms of metrology, identification of the main validation parameters of quantitative and qualitative methods, organization of experiments, and evaluation of validation parameters using mathematical analysis methods. They also propose to divide methods into two types: forensic expert measurement methods (FMT) and forensic expert testing methods (FTT). Based on the generalization of information presented in several regulatory documents and scientific publications, the following parameters are identified for FMT: metrological characteristics or properties of the method (specificity, linearity, sensitivity, range of determined values, detection limit, quantitative determination limit) and quality indicators of the method (precision, correctness, accuracy of the analysis result, or uncertainty). When validating FTT, it is proposed to evaluate the reliability of the method and the competence of the expert.An experiment to assess validation parameters is performed using enough control samples with established characteristics of controlled indicators and with the participation of a sufficient number of experts. Requirements for control samples are provided.The authors also give examples of probabilistic evaluation of validation parameters for two qualitative testing methods: microscopic examination of textile fibers and detection of gunshot residue using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. The reliability of these methods is assessed by calculating the likelihood ratio, and the specificity of interpreting the results of FMT and FTT validation is noted.The decision on compliance with the requirements is made if the interval of the established extended uncertainty for the obtained result does not exceed the tolerance field. In the absence of tolerances, FMT is considered suitable for solving forensic expert tasks if the values of the extended uncertainty of the measurement results of the controlled indicator do not exceed the values established during validation. For FTT, a low probabilistic proportion of false positive and false negative results in determining the presence/absence of controlled indicators, as well as experimentally confirmed competence of the expert during validation, are indicators of the suitability of the method for its intended useΠ’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ прСдставлСн ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Π° Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ судСбно-экспСртных ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ (БЭМ) Π² Π€Π‘Π£ Π Π€Π¦Π‘Π­ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠœΠΈΠ½ΡŽΡΡ‚Π΅ России. ΠžΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹ мСтодологичСскиС особСнности практичСской Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ†ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² экспСртного исслСдования Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ классификации ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ Π² мСтрологичСском ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π΅, выявлСния основных ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ количСствСнных ΠΈ качСствСнных ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ, ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ экспСримСнта ΠΈ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ с ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ матСматичСских ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π° Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ°: судСбноэкспСртныС ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ измСрСния (БЭМИ) ΠΈ судСбно-экспСртныС ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ тСстирования (БЭМВ). На основании обобщСния свСдСний, прСдставлСнных Π² рядС Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ, для БЭМИ Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Ρ‹: мСтрологичСскиС характСристики ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ свойства ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ (ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ†ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡ΡƒΠ²ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ опрСдСляСмых Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π» обнаруТСния, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π» количСствСнного опрСдСлСния) ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ качСства ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ (ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ†ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ). ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ БЭМВ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ экспСрта.ЭкспСримСнт ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡŽΡ‚ с использованиСм достаточного количСства ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ² с установлСнными характСристиками ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ с участиСм достаточного числа экспСртов. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ трСбования, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡŠΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Π΅ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†Π°ΠΌ.Π Π°Π·ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹ вСроятностной ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ для Π΄Π²ΡƒΡ… качСствСнных ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ тСстирования: ΠΏΠΎ микроскопичСскому исслСдованию Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ слСдов ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² выстрСла с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ элСктронной микроскопии ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. Π”Π°Π½Π° ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° надСТности этих ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ расчСта ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ правдоподобия, ΠΎΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π° спСцифика ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ БЭМИ ΠΈ БЭМВ.РСшСниС ΠΎ соотвСтствии БЭМИ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡŠΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ трСбованиям принимаСтся, Ссли ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π²Π°Π» установлСнной Ρ€Π°ΡΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ нСопрСдСлСнности для ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π΅ Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ‹ поля допуска. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ отсутствии допусков БЭМИ считаСтся ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ для Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ судСбноэкспСртных Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡, Ссли значСния Ρ€Π°ΡΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ нСопрСдСлСнности Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ показатСля Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, установлСнных ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ. Для БЭМВ низкая вСроятностная доля Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² установлСния наличия/отсутствия ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ подтвСрТдСнная ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ экспСрта Π² Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ показатСлями пригодности ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ для Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΈ использовани

    ВСроятностная ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° пригодности судСбно-экспСртной ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Β«ΠœΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ исслСдованиС Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Β»

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    Β The results of validation of the method β€œMicroscopic analysis of textile fibers” used in forensic fiber examination are presented. An attempt is made to estimate reliability of testing of this method numerically by the proportions of right and false results and credibility ratio.The testing method under consideration consists in establishing a set of external characteristics of natural and chemical textile fibers: color, peculiarities of coloration, morphological features, presence/absence of a matting agent. These generic characteristics are used in forensic textile analysis.Β As the objects of testing fiber samples from comparative collection of a forensic fiber laboratory were used. Four experts participated in the experiment independently examining eleven fiber samples by eleven external characteristics for a week.A low (2,2 %) rate of false results in relation to the total number of tests was established as well as the low (less than 3,0 %) rate of each expert’s false results. The probability of the right results of characteristics’ assessment is 30 times higher than the probability of false results.The results of the experiment permit the conclusion that the method is suitable to be used in forensic fiber examination when dealing with various tasks: classification, identification, situational and diagnostic.Β Β ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Β«ΠœΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ исслСдованиС Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Β», примСняСмой ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ судСбно-экспСртном исслСдовании волокнистых ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ². ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ тСстирования этой ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ числСнно: ΠΏΠΎ значСниям Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ правдоподобия.РассматриваСмая ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° тСстирования Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π² установлСнии комплСкса Π²Π½Π΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ химичСских Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½: Ρ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π°, особСнности окраски, морфологичСских особСнностСй, наличия/отсутствия ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°. Π”Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ судСбно-экспСртном исслСдовании Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½.ΠžΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ тСстирования являлись ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†Ρ‹ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ криминалистичСской экспСртизы волокнистых ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ². Π’ экспСримСнтС участвовали Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅ экспСрта, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ нСзависимо исслСдовали ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π½Π°Π΄Ρ†Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π½Π°Π΄Ρ†Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ внСшним ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ.УстановлСн Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΉ (2,2 %) ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡŒ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΌΡƒ числу тСстирований, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΉ (ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 3,0 %) ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡŒ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Ρƒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· экспСртов. Π’Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΡΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ совокупности ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² 30 Ρ€Π°Π· Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅ вСроятности Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ².Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ экспСримСнта ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° для использования Π² судСбной экспСртизС волокнистых ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡: классификационных, ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ…, ситуационно-диагностичСских.

    Валидация ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ измСрСния Ρ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π° ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π½Π° микроскопС-спСктрофотомСтрС МБЀУ-К

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    This work is part of a series of efforts towards validation of methods used in forensic fiber analysis. These efforts address current needs for accreditation of forensic laboratories and quality control in operations.The qualitative testing methodology consists of obtaining absorption spectra with the microscope spectrophotometer MSFU-K and comparing the spectral characteristics of color in fiber samples. The expert determines whether the textile fibers submitted for analysis match in color or not, depending on the results of spectral comparison.The proposed validation experiment algorithm is designed for evaluating uncertainty in optical density measurements and the level of expert competence.In this case uncertainty corresponds to reproducibility standard deviation. To evaluate uncertainty, two operators took readings of absorption spectra of dyed fibers independently in the course of three days, and measured optical density at maximum and minimum absorption wavelengths. To evaluate repeatability, 5 spectra were obtained in a row on each of the three days.The testing was conducted using three samples of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers. Key characteristic points in the samples’ absorption spectra covered a wide range of wavelengths in the visible spectrum. Measurements were taken using the MSFU-K microspectrophotometer, which consists of a microscope with a spectrophotometric add-on unit.Statistical analysis of measurement data demonstrated uncertainty levels between 7,1 % and 22,1 %. Uncertainty values below 30 % are indicative of quantitative measurements and insignificant variance of optical density values, which corresponds to high reproducibility of spectra and allows the expert to make statistically reliable match/non-match conclusions on the color of compared fibers.Expert competence was assessed based on Β«blindΒ» test results. The experts had to determine which of the three samples were colored with the same dye. Each of the two experts was provided with 3 visually identical samples that were colored with different dyes. The experts were asked to distinguish between fibers treated with the same dye. When analyzing obtained spectra, both experts correctly identified same-color fibers based on matching color spectral characteristics.Positive validation results suggest that the MSFU-K microscope spectrophotometer can be successfully used in forensic fiber analysis for measuring the color of dyed fibers.Β Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ ΠΈΠ· сСрии Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ, примСняСмых ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ производствС криминалистичСской экспСртизы волокнистых ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ².Π‘ΡƒΡ‰Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ качСствСнной ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ тСстирования Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ спСктрофотомСтра МБЀУ-К спСктра поглощСния ΠΈ сопоставлСнии ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… характСристик Ρ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π° сравниваСмых Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½. На основании сопоставлСния спСктров экспСрт Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ вопрос, совпадаСт/Π½Π΅ совпадаСт Ρ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚ сравниваСмых Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½, прСдставлСнных Π½Π° экспСртизу.ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° схСма экспСримСнта Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ являлись ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° нСопрСдСлСнности измСрСния оптичСской плотности ΠΈ уровня компСтСнтности экспСртов.Π’ рассматриваСмом случаС Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ совпадаСт со срСднСквадратичным ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ (БКО) воспроизводимости. Для ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ нСопрСдСлСнности Π΄Π²Π° ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° снимали нСзависимо Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ… Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ спСктры поглощСния ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ измСряли ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠ°Ρ… максимума ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠΌΠ°. ΠŸΠΎΠ²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ, снимая Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ… Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΡ‚ΡŒ спСктров подряд.Для исслСдования Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹Π±Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‹ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†Π° ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ°ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ (Π½ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½). ΠžΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ характСристичСскиС Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ спСктров поглощСния ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ…Π²Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ спСктра. Π˜Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ выполняли Π½Π° микроспСктрофотомСтрС МБЀУ-К, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ прСдставляСт собой микроскоп со спСктрофотомСтричСской насадкой.Π’ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅ статистичСской ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ оптичСской плотности установлСно, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π²Π°Ρ€ΡŒΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΎΡ‚ 7,1 Π΄ΠΎ 22,1 %. ЗначСния нСопрСдСлСнности <30 % ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π½Π° количСствСнный Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, нСсущСствСнный разброс Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ оптичСской плотности, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ соотвСтствуСт высокой воспроизводимости спСктра ΠΈ позволяСт экспСрту Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ достовСрныС Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΎ совпадСнии/нСсовпадСнии Ρ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π° сравниваСмых Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½.ΠšΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ экспСртов ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ «слСпых» испытаний. ЭкспСрты Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΡƒΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ… ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ краситСлСм. Π”Π²ΡƒΠΌ экспСртам Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ прСдоставлСны ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚Ρƒ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ практичСски Π½Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ, Π½ΠΎ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π½Ρ‹ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ краситСлями. ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ экспСртами ΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Π° Π΄ΠΈΡ„Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°, ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ краситСлСм. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… спСктров ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹ΠΌ экспСртом Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ сдСланы ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°Ρ…, ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ характСристикам Ρ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π°.На основании ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ экспСримСнта сдСлан Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ пригодности ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ измСрСния Ρ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π° ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π½Π° микроскопС-спСктрофотомСтрС МБЀУ-К для примСнСния Π² криминалистичСской экспСртизС волокнистых ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ².

    Probability-Based Validation of the Forensic Method "Microscopic Analysis of Textile Fibers"

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    The results of validation of the method β€œMicroscopic analysis of textile fibers” used in forensic fiber examination are presented. An attempt is made to estimate reliability of testing of this method numerically by the proportions of right and false results and credibility ratio.The testing method under consideration consists in establishing a set of external characteristics of natural and chemical textile fibers: color, peculiarities of coloration, morphological features, presence/absence of a matting agent. These generic characteristics are used in forensic textile analysis.Β As the objects of testing fiber samples from comparative collection of a forensic fiber laboratory were used. Four experts participated in the experiment independently examining eleven fiber samples by eleven external characteristics for a week.A low (2,2 %) rate of false results in relation to the total number of tests was established as well as the low (less than 3,0 %) rate of each expert’s false results. The probability of the right results of characteristics’ assessment is 30 times higher than the probability of false results.The results of the experiment permit the conclusion that the method is suitable to be used in forensic fiber examination when dealing with various tasks: classification, identification, situational and diagnostic

    Experimental Validation of a Methodology for Determining Soil pH and Specific Electrical Conductance in Samples of Geological and Soil Evidence in Forensic Environmental Investigations in the Absence of Standard Samples

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    The paper describes an experiment in validation of a forensic methodology for determining the hydrogen potential (pH) and specific conductance (SC) in samples of geological and soil evidence for the purposes of forensic environmental investigation. Validation was aimed at standardizing the conditions of aqueous extract preparation, since the conditions prescribed by corresponding regulations varied significantly. Given the absence of adequate standard samples at the time of the experiment, control samples had to be selected, and reference values of pH and SC in these control samples had to be determined through average values of the overall set of measurements. The experiment consisted of 5 operators independently conducting six parallel analyses of three control samples, each operator working at a different time and using their own assay kits. Both pH and SC values were measured in two different dilutions, each after 5 minutes, 1 hour, and 24 hours of holding time. Statistical calculations of the obtained set of results yielded reference values for target parameters in three control samples for different aqueous extract preparation conditions. It was demonstrated that when the extract is diluted to 1 : 2.5 soil/water ratio, measurements are on average 1.8 times higher for SC, and 0.20 pts lower for pH, compared to 1 : 5 soil/water dilution. Since 1 : 5 is the standard dilution for aqueous extracts, 1 : 2.5 dilutions call for a corresponding adjustment. Acceptable holding time between dilution and measurement has been established to vary between 5 minutes and 1 hour. When re-validated a year later, the obtained mean values of pH and SC in three control samples of soil fit within the uncertainty interval for adopted reference values.The outcomes demonstrate the stability of control sample properties and reliability of the applied methodology

    Measuring Dyed Fiber Color with MSFU-K Microscope Spectrophotometer: Methodology Validation

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    This work is part of a series of efforts towards validation of methods used in forensic fiber analysis. These efforts address current needs for accreditation of forensic laboratories and quality control in operations.The qualitative testing methodology consists of obtaining absorption spectra with the microscope spectrophotometer MSFU-K and comparing the spectral characteristics of color in fiber samples. The expert determines whether the textile fibers submitted for analysis match in color or not, depending on the results of spectral comparison.The proposed validation experiment algorithm is designed for evaluating uncertainty in optical density measurements and the level of expert competence.In this case uncertainty corresponds to reproducibility standard deviation. To evaluate uncertainty, two operators took readings of absorption spectra of dyed fibers independently in the course of three days, and measured optical density at maximum and minimum absorption wavelengths. To evaluate repeatability, 5 spectra were obtained in a row on each of the three days.The testing was conducted using three samples of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers. Key characteristic points in the samples’ absorption spectra covered a wide range of wavelengths in the visible spectrum. Measurements were taken using the MSFU-K microspectrophotometer, which consists of a microscope with a spectrophotometric add-on unit.Statistical analysis of measurement data demonstrated uncertainty levels between 7,1 % and 22,1 %. Uncertainty values below 30 % are indicative of quantitative measurements and insignificant variance of optical density values, which corresponds to high reproducibility of spectra and allows the expert to make statistically reliable match/non-match conclusions on the color of compared fibers.Expert competence was assessed based on Β«blindΒ» test results. The experts had to determine which of the three samples were colored with the same dye. Each of the two experts was provided with 3 visually identical samples that were colored with different dyes. The experts were asked to distinguish between fibers treated with the same dye. When analyzing obtained spectra, both experts correctly identified same-color fibers based on matching color spectral characteristics.Positive validation results suggest that the MSFU-K microscope spectrophotometer can be successfully used in forensic fiber analysis for measuring the color of dyed fibers

    ΠŸΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ опрСдСлСния pH ΠΈ ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ элСктропроводности Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π°Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-гСологичСского происхоТдСния для производства судСбно-экологичСской экспСртизы ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ отсутствии стандартных ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ²

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    The paper describes an experiment in validation of a forensic methodology for determining the hydrogen potential (pH) and specific conductance (SC) in samples of geological and soil evidence for the purposes of forensic environmental investigation. Validation was aimed at standardizing the conditions of aqueous extract preparation, since the conditions prescribed by corresponding regulations varied significantly. Given the absence of adequate standard samples at the time of the experiment, control samples had to be selected, and reference values of pH and SC in these control samples had to be determined through average values of the overall set of measurements. The experiment consisted of 5 operators independently conducting six parallel analyses of three control samples, each operator working at a different time and using their own assay kits. Both pH and SC values were measured in two different dilutions, each after 5 minutes, 1 hour, and 24 hours of holding time. Statistical calculations of the obtained set of results yielded reference values for target parameters in three control samples for different aqueous extract preparation conditions. It was demonstrated that when the extract is diluted to 1 : 2.5 soil/water ratio, measurements are on average 1.8 times higher for SC, and 0.20 pts lower for pH, compared to 1 : 5 soil/water dilution. Since 1 : 5 is the standard dilution for aqueous extracts, 1 : 2.5 dilutions call for a corresponding adjustment. Acceptable holding time between dilution and measurement has been established to vary between 5 minutes and 1 hour. When re-validated a year later, the obtained mean values of pH and SC in three control samples of soil fit within the uncertainty interval for adopted reference values.The outcomes demonstrate the stability of control sample properties and reliability of the applied methodology.ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ описаниС экспСримСнта ΠΏΠΎ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ опрСдСлСния Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ показатСля (pH) ΠΈ ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ элСктропроводности (УЭП) Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π°Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-гСологичСского происхоТдСния для производства судСбно-экологичСской экспСртизы. Π—Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Π΅ΠΉ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° унификация условий приготовлСния Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ вытяТки ΠΈΠ· исслСдуСмых ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΡƒ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π΅Π³Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ… условия сущСствСнно Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ. Π’ связи с отсутствиСм Π½Π° Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Ρ… стандартных ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΎΡ€Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π² Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ pH ΠΈ УЭП ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ срСдних Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ совокупности Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π’ экспСримСнтС участвовали ΠΏΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ нСзависимо Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ ΠΎΡ‚ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ² Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ - Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΅ врСмя, со своим Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ оборудования. Π˜Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ pH ΠΈ УЭП выполняли для Π΄Π²ΡƒΡ… Ρ€Π°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· 5 ΠΌΠΈΠ½, 1 час ΠΈ 24 часа. На основании статистичСских расчСтов ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ совокупности Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² приняты ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ значСния опрСдСляСмых ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π² Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†Π°Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… условиях приготовлСния Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ вытяТки. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ вытяТки Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π²Π°/Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° 1 :2,5 Π² срСднСм Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ опрСдСлСния УЭП Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅ Π² 1,8 Ρ€Π°Π·Π°, Π° pH Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π° 0,20 Π΅Π΄. Π² сравнСнии с Ρ€Π°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π²Π°/Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° 1 : 5. ΠŸΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΡƒ для Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ вытяТки общСпринятым являСтся Ρ€Π°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 : 5, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΊΡƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ 1 : 2,5. Π’ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ выдСрТивания вытяТки Π΄ΠΎ измСрСния установлСно, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π²Π°Ρ€ΡŒΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΎΡ‚ 5 ΠΌΠΈΠ½ Π΄ΠΎ 1 часа. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· Π³ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ срСдниС значСния pH ΠΈ УЭП Π² Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†Π°Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π²Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π² ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ… ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π²Π°Π»Π° нСопрСдСлСнности принятых ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ ΠΎΠ± устойчивости свойств ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ надСТности использованной ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ
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