Effects of four weeks of daily soy milk or dairy milk ingestion on the exercise induced inflammatory and oxidative responses in plasma and skeletal muscle in a post-menopausal female population.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 142-155).The process of senescence is associated with increasing inflammation and subsequent oxidative stress in the body, both of which can exert negative health effects at local and systemic levels. Attenuation of such processes with novel dietary countermeasures has major public health implications. Soyfoods, as a source of high quality protein, minimal saturated fat, and unique composition of isoflavones may improve such indices, although such effects in healthy older women are not well delineated. To explore this supposition, a single-blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted on 31 postmenopausal women at Baylor University, Waco TX. After a two week run-in period, subjects were randomly assigned to consume three servings of vanilla soy (n=16) or reduced-fat dairy (n=15) milk per day for four weeks. Parameters of systemic inflammation (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and oxidative stress (SOD, GPx, COX-2) as well as expression of local inflammation-responsive genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, NF-κB) were measured prior to supplementation, at four weeks post supplementation, and after an eccentric exercise bout performed to elicit an inflammatory response. A significant group by time effect for plasma TNF-α was observed (p = 0.04), with TNF-α values for the soy group appearing to stay consistent during the exercise period, while the TNF-α values for the dairy group increased post-supplementation, decreased from T2-T4, and then returned to baseline by T6. Significant time effects were observed for plasma SOD (p < 0.0001) and IL-6 (p < 0.0001), and muscle expression of IL-6 (p < 0.01) and IL-1β (p<0.01). Despite good dietary compliance, overall results from our study do not support the notion that four weeks of daily soy milk ingestion can attenuate systemic or local elevations in markers of oxidative stress or inflammation. However, data do suggest that the downhill running protocol utilized in this study can be effective at altering systemic and local markers of inflammation, and that ingestion of soy may help to maintain plasma TNF-α levels even when exposed to a stress inducing stimulus, although more data exploring this conjecture is certainly warranted.by Kristen Marie Beavers.Ph.D

Soymilk supplementation does not alter plasma markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in postmenopausal women

Aging is associated with increasing levels of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which contribute to the progression of cardiovascular disease. Attenuation of such processes via dietary intervention has significant public health implications. Soyfoods, as a source of highquality protein and isoflavones, may improve such indices, although such effects in healthy aging women are not well delineated. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that 4 weeks of daily soymilk consumption would improve systemic markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in postmenopausal women when compared with a dairy control. In September 2009, a single-blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted on 31 postmenopausal women at Baylor University, Waco, Tex. Subjects were randomly assigned to consume 3 servings of vanilla soy (n = 16) or reduced fat dairy (n = 15) milk per day for 4 weeks. Plasma markers of inflammation (tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α], interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6) and oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], cyclooxygenase-2 [COX-2]) were obtained before and after supplementation. No significant differences were observed for any of the plasma inflammatory (TNF-α, P = .08; IL-1β, P = .14; IL-6, P = .26) or oxidative stress (SOD, P = .68; GPx, P = .58; COX-2, P = .99) variables by dietary treatment group. Despite good dietary compliance, our study failed to show a significant effect of soymilk consumption on markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in this postmenopausal female population. Potential reasons for this nonsignificant finding are discussed, and future research directions are presented

DOES PRESERVATION OF RMR WITH WEIGHTED VEST USE HELP WITH WEIGHT LOSS MAINTENANCE?

BACKGROUND: Weight regain after weight loss is a substantial problem in obesity therapeutics. Recent provocative evidence points to mechanical loading as a signaling mechanism for the body defending its weight and may represent an intervenable target to promote successful weight loss maintenance. The primary purpose of this project is to explore whether maintaining gravitational loading during intentional weight loss results in less regain of body mass following treatment. Secondarily, we aim to explore whether change in resting metabolic rate (RMR) during active weight loss is correlated with subsequent weight regain.METHODS: 18 older adults (70.4±3.1 years, 83% women, 78% white) living with obesity (body mass index [BMI]: 35.2±2.8 kg/m2) participated in a six-month weight loss intervention where half (n=9) were assigned to caloric restriction plus 8 hours/day weighted vest use and the other half (n=9) were assigned to caloric restriction only. Total body weight and RMR were collected at baseline and 6 months, with an additional weight measurement taken at 24 months. Body weight and RMR change estimates come from a mixed model containing treatment group, visit, treatment group by visit interaction, and baseline measure of the outcome. RESULTS: Average 6-month body weight change was -11.2 kg (-14.6, -7.7) and -10.3 kg (-13.7, -6.8) for the caloric restriction plus weighted vest and caloric restriction only groups, respectively (p=0.71). By 24 months, weight change from baseline was -4.8 kg (-9.6, 0.1) and +0.9 kg (-3.9, 5.8) for the caloric restriction plus weighted vest and caloric restriction only groups, respectively (p=0.10). Average 6-month RMR change was -16.3 kcal (-100.8, 68.2) and -237.5 kcal (-321.9, -153.0) for the caloric restriction plus weighted vest and caloric restriction only groups, respectively (p\u3c0.01). At 24 months, RMR returned to baseline for both groups. Amount of weight regained tended to correlate with change in RMR during active weight loss (r=-0.39; p=0.11). CONCLUSIONS: 18 months following a successful weight loss intervention, participants assigned to caloric restriction-only fully regained lost weight; however, participants assigned to caloric restriction plus weighted vest use regained half of lost weight. Change in RMR during active weight loss was modestly and inversely associated with weight change during the follow up period

Risedronate or exercise for lean mass preservation during menopause: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial

Abstract Background The menopause transition is marked by hormonal shifts leading to body composition changes, such as fat mass gain and lean mass loss. Weight‐bearing and resistance exercise can help maintain lean mass during the menopause transition; however, uptake is low. Preclinical research points to bisphosphonates as also being effective in preventing loss of lean mass. Thus, we sought to investigate whether bisphosphonate therapy can mitigate loss of lean mass and outperform weight‐bearing exercise in the years immediately following menopause. Methods Data come from the Heartland Osteoporosis Prevention Study (NCT02186600), where osteopenic, postmenopausal women were randomized to bisphosphonate (n = 91), weight‐bearing/resistance exercise (n = 92), or control (n = 93) conditions over a 1 year period. Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry‐derived body composition measures (including total lean mass, total fat mass, lean mass index, and lean‐to‐fat mass ratio) were ascertained at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Adherence to risedronate and weight‐bearing exercise was defined as the percentage of dosages taken and exercise sessions attended. Intent‐to‐treat analysis using linear modelling was used to generate treatment effects on body composition. Secondary analysis utilized per‐protocol analysis and included adjustment for weight change. Results A total of 276 women (age: 54.5 years; 83.3% Caucasian; body mass index: 25.7 kg/m2) were included in the analyses; 12 month adherence to the risedronate and exercise interventions was 89% and 64%, respectively. Group‐by‐time interactions were observed for lean mass, revealing that exercise (0.43 ± 1.49 kg) and risedronate groups (0.31 ± 1.68 kg) gained significantly more lean mass than control group (−0.15 ± 1.27 kg) over 12 months. However, after controlling for weight change in secondary analysis, the difference in lean mass change between control and risedronate became non‐significant (P = 0.059). Conclusions Results suggest that both 12 months of oral risedronate and 12 months of weight‐bearing exercise may diminish lean mass loss experienced during the menopause transition as compared with control. The lean mass‐sparing effect for risedronate may be driven by overall weight change

Risedronate use may blunt appendicular lean mass loss secondary to sleeve gastrectomy: results from a pilot randomized controlled trial

Abstract Background Despite robust weight loss and cardiometabolic benefit, lean mass loss following sleeve gastrectomy (SG) confers health risk. Bisphosphonates are a potential therapeutic agent for lean mass maintenance. Thus, our objective was to explore the effect of 6 months of risedronate (vs. placebo) on change in dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA)‐ and computed tomography (CT)‐derived lean mass metrics in the year following SG. Methods Twenty‐four SG patients were randomized to 6 months of 150‐mg oral risedronate or placebo capsules (NCT03411902). Body composition was assessed at baseline and 6 months with optional 12‐month follow‐up using whole‐body DXA and CT at the lumbar spine and mid‐thigh. Group treatment effects and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were generated from a mixed model using contrast statements at 6 and 12 months, adjusted for baseline values. Results Of 24 participants enrolled [55.7 ± 6.7 years (mean ± SD), 79% Caucasian, 83% women, body mass index (BMI) 44.7 ± 6.3 kg/m2], 21 returned for 6‐month testing and 14 returned for 12‐month testing. Six‐month weight loss was −16.3 kg (−20.0, −12.5) and −20.9 kg (−23.7, −18.1) in the risedronate and placebo groups, respectively (P = 0.057). Primary analysis at 6 months revealed a non‐significant sparing of appendicular lean mass in the risedronate group compared with placebo [−1.2 kg (−2.3, −0.1) vs. −2.1 kg (−3.0, −1.2)]; P = 0.20. By 12 months, the risedronate group displayed no change in appendicular lean mass from baseline [−0.5 kg (−1.5, 0.6)]; however, the placebo group experienced significantly augmented loss [−2.9 kg (−3.6, −2.1)]. Conclusions Pilot data indicate that risedronate treatment may mitigate appendicular lean mass loss following SG. Further study is warranted