20 research outputs found

    Variation in neurosurgical management of traumatic brain injury

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    Background: Neurosurgical management of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is challenging, with only low-quality evidence. We aimed to explore differences in neurosurgical strategies for TBI across Europe. Methods: A survey was sent to 68 centers participating in the Collaborative European Neurotrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) study. The questionnaire contained 21 questions, including the decision when to operate (or not) on traumatic acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) and intracerebral hematoma (ICH), and when to perform a decompressive craniectomy (DC) in raised intracranial pressure (ICP). Results: The survey was completed by 68 centers (100%). On average, 10 neurosurgeons work in each trauma center. In all centers, a neurosurgeon was available within 30 min. Forty percent of responders reported a thickness or volume threshold for evacuation of an ASDH. Most responders (78%) decide on a primary DC in evacuating an ASDH during the operation, when swelling is present. For ICH, 3% would perform an evacuation directly to prevent secondary deterioration and 66% only in case of clinical deterioration. Most respondents (91%) reported to consider a DC for refractory high ICP. The reported cut-off ICP for DC in refractory high ICP, however, differed: 60% uses 25 mmHg, 18% 30 mmHg, and 17% 20 mmHg. Treatment strategies varied substantially between regions, specifically for the threshold for ASDH surgery and DC for refractory raised ICP. Also within center variation was present: 31% reported variation within the hospital for inserting an ICP monitor and 43% for evacuating mass lesions. Conclusion: Despite a homogeneous organization, considerable practice variation exists of neurosurgical strategies for TBI in Europe. These results provide an incentive for comparative effectiveness research to determine elements of effective neurosurgical care

    Etude de l'influence de la porosité sur les propriétés électriques de dépÎts réalisés par projection plasma

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    L?alumine est un matĂ©riau trĂšs utilisĂ© pour ses propriĂ©tĂ©s d?isolant Ă©lectrique et sa grande stabilitĂ© chimique. Sonutilisation comme revĂȘtement isolant est envisagĂ© pour l?amĂ©lioration des sondes gĂ©ologiques. La souplesse duprocĂ©dĂ© de projection plasma a permis l?obtention de dĂ©pĂŽts prĂ©sentant une large gamme de porositĂ©s aux proportions et morphologies variĂ©es. Le dĂ©pĂŽt se construit par empilement de gouttelettes en fusion. Celles-ci, en s?Ă©talant et se solidifiant pour former des lamelles, gĂ©nĂšrent un rĂ©seau de porositĂ© interconnectĂ©e, anisotrope et tridimensionnel. Ce dernier est difficile Ă  observer et caractĂ©riser. Il comprend les pores globulaires, les fissures inter-lamellaires et les fissures intra-lamellaires. Leur caractĂ©risation microstructurale a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e par analyse d?images de coupes de dĂ©pĂŽts. Six d?entre eux, ont Ă©tĂ© sĂ©lectionnĂ©s pour mesurer leurs propriĂ©tĂ©s Ă©lectriques. Ces microstructures trĂšs particuliĂšres, riches en dĂ©fauts, entraĂźnent une dĂ©gradation plus ou moins importante des propriĂ©tĂ©s Ă©lectriques par rapport Ă  l?alumine massive. Ces mesures ont montrĂ© que la porositĂ©, principalement via les fissures intralamellaires, constituait des canaux « perforants » reliant le substrat Ă  la surface du dĂ©pĂŽt. Des mesures par spectroscopie d?impĂ©dance ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que pour tous les dĂ©pĂŽts, lors d?une immersion, le liquide arrivait Ă atteindre le substrat et Ă  amorcer une rĂ©action de corrosion au fond des pores. Enfin, la mĂ©thode appelĂ©e« Scanning Electron Microscopy Mirror Effect », consistant Ă  irradier un matĂ©riau avec un canon Ă  Ă©lectrons, adĂ©montrĂ© que suivant leur orientation, les fissures constituaient soit des chemins privilĂ©giĂ©s, soit des obstacles pour les porteurs de charges au sein du matĂ©riau.Cette porositĂ© « perforante » Ă©tant due Ă  son haut degrĂ© d?interconnexion, une simulation tridimensionnelle de lamicrostructure et de la porositĂ© a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e. Elle se fait par empilements successifs de lamelles incorporantde maniĂšre alĂ©atoire les pores et les fissures. Pour cela, des lamelles Ă©talĂ©es sur des substrats d?alumine polis etprĂ©chauffĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©es et caractĂ©risĂ©es. L?acquisition de leurs volumes par microscopie confocale apermis de les modĂ©liser. Les probabilitĂ©s de prĂ©sence des dĂ©fauts ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©es Ă  partir d?observations decoupes de dĂ©pĂŽts. Cette dĂ©marche a aboutie Ă  la crĂ©ation d?images 3D du dĂ©pĂŽt rĂ©el. A partir de ces images,aprĂšs un maillage appropriĂ©, des calculs par Ă©lĂ©ments finis, ont permis de rĂ©vĂ©ler une anisotropie des propriĂ©tĂ©sĂ©lectriques en relation directe avec celle de la microstructure. Cette simulation couplĂ©e au calcul par Ă©lĂ©ments finis semble trĂšs prometteuse pour la comprĂ©hension des relations microstructure/propriĂ©tĂ©s des dĂ©pĂŽts rĂ©alisĂ©s par projection plasma

    Influence of defect orientation on electrical insulating properties of plasma-sprayed alumina coatings

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    International audienceThe influence of the microstructure (pores and cracks) on electric properties of plasma-sprayed alumina coatings was investigated using the so-called Scanning Electron Microscope Mirror Effect (SEMME) technique. Coatings were sprayed with different alumina feedstock powders on various atmospheres using a CAPS (‘Controlled Atmosphere Plasma Spraying'). Microstructures with various amount of porosity and cracks orientation distributions were analysed. Both outer surfaces and cross-sections of alumina coatings have been analysed by SEMME technique using two complementary modes (measurement of absorbed current and mirror methods). Originally developed to study the behaviour of injected electrons and related phenomena, such as trapping ability, detrapping process and relaxation phenomena in bulk insulating materials, the SEMME technique was successfully applied, in this study, to porous coatings. It is proved that cracks orientation modifies both motion and trapping of charges and therefore the dielectric properties of plasma-sprayed alumina coatings

    Process-microstructure-property relationships in controlled atmosphere plasma spraying of ceramics

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    International audienceThermal plasma spray processes with their various operating parameters can be considered a flexible technique to carry out appropriate manufacturing of advanced ceramics coatings. This paper reports on investigations dealing with plasma spraying of several ceramics powders (hydroxyapatite, Al2O3–TiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2–Y2O3 (YSZ) and Cr2O3) with suitable parameters using a ‘controlled atmosphere plasma spraying' (CAPS) system. High-pressure plasma spraying, air plasma spraying and inert plasma spraying modes were applied in order to obtain suitable microstructures in the coatings. The investigation of microstructures and phase compositions showed that high-pressure in the CAPS chamber leads to sufficient heating of the powder and have a promising coating quality

    Thermal Degradation of Fluorosilicone Elastomers

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    International audienceThis paper explores the structure-relationships involved in the degradation of fluorosilicones (FVMQs). For that purpose, FVMQs were thermally aged at 280°C under various atmospheres (nitrogen, atmospheric air, pure oxygen). It seems that FVMQs undergo a strong mass loss irrespectively of the atmosphere. Under nitrogen, a chain scission (unzipping) mechanism is suspected whereas under air, a crosslinking mechanisms leads to an increase in tensile modulus. A degradation mechanism is proposed as a basis for lifetime prediction

    Experiments on Maxwell's fish-eye dynamics in elastic plates

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    International audienceWe experimentally demonstrate that a Duraluminium thin plate with a thickness profile varying radially in a piecewise constant fashion as , with h(0) = 0.5 mm, h(Rmax) = 2 mm, and Rmax = 10 cm, behaves in many ways as Maxwell's fish-eye lens in optics. Its imaging properties for a Gaussian pulse with central frequencies 30 kHz and 60 kHz are very similar to those predicted by ray trajectories (great circles) on a virtual sphere (rays emanating from the North pole meet at the South pole). However, the refocusing time depends on the carrier frequency as a direct consequence of the dispersive nature of flexural waves in thin plates. Importantly, experimental results are in good agreement with finite-difference-time-domain simulations
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