Discerning the Form of the Dense Core Mass Function

We investigate the ability to discern between lognormal and powerlaw forms for the observed mass function of dense cores in star forming regions. After testing our fitting, goodness-of-fit, and model selection procedures on simulated data, we apply our analysis to 14 datasets from the literature. Whether the core mass function has a powerlaw tail or whether it follows a pure lognormal form cannot be distinguished from current data. From our simulations it is estimated that datasets from uniform surveys containing more than approximately 500 cores with a completeness limit below the peak of the mass distribution are needed to definitively discern between these two functional forms. We also conclude that the width of the core mass function may be more reliably estimated than the powerlaw index of the high mass tail and that the width may also be a more useful parameter in comparing with the stellar initial mass function to deduce the statistical evolution of dense cores into stars.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in PAS

Compositional circuit design with asynchronous concepts

PhD ThesisSynchronous circuits are pervasive in modern digital systems, such as smart-phones, wearable devices and computers. Synchronous circuits are controlled by a global clock signal, which greatly simplifies their design but is also a limitation in some applications. Asynchronous circuits are a logical alternative: they do not use a global clock to synchronise their components. Instead, every component reacts to input events at the rate they occur. Asynchronous circuits are not widely adopted by industry, because they are often harder to design and require more sophisticated tools and formal models. Signal Transition Graphs (STGs) is a well-studied formal model for the specification, verification and synthesis of asynchronous circuits with state-of-the-art tool support. STGs use a graphical notation where vertices and arcs specify the operation of an asynchronous circuit. These graphical specifications can be difficult to describe compositionally, and provide little reusability of useful sections of a graph. In this thesis we present Asynchronous Concepts, a new design methodology for asynchronous circuit design. A concept is a self-contained description of a circuit requirement, which is composable with any other concept, allowing compositional specification of large asynchronous circuits. Concepts can be shared, reused and extended by users, promoting the reuse of behaviours within single or multiple specifications. Asynchronous Concepts can be translated to STGs to benefit from the existing theory and tools developed by the asynchronous circuits community. Plato is a software tool developed for Asynchronous Concepts that supports the presented design methodology, and provides automated methods for translation to STGs. The design flow which utilises Asynchronous Concepts is automated using Plato and the open-source toolsuite Workcraft, which can use the translated STGs in verification and synthesis using integrated tools. The proposed language, the design flow, and the supporting tools are evaluated on real-world case studies

Characterisation of radiation fields with combined fast-neutron and gamma-ray imaging

This research explores the use of organic liquid scintillation detectors coupled with digital pulse-processing electronics, mechatronics and shielding materials to non-destructively characterise radiation sources and their emitted radiation fields through passive imaging techniques. The research sought to expand upon existing gamma-ray imaging techniques, but with focus on fast-neutron imaging techniques which are few in number. The study involved conceptual design, Monte Carlo optimisation and characterisation of collimator and detector geometry, followed by the subsequent design and procurement, assembly and modification to produce several probe configurations. The full system was then realised through control system design, electronic interfacing between custom and commercial off-the-shelf components, communication interfacing and software engineering to produce the data acquisition systems. Coordination with universities and nuclear facilities, logistics and experimental planning enabled the successful deployment of imagers at the University of Lancaster, University of Manchester, the National Physical Laboratory and the Atominstitut at Vienna University of Technology. Data were then analysed by custom code, interpreted and benchmarked to conclude the accuracy of the output images. Three types of imaging devices were investigated. The first was a slot-modulated imaging approach with a tungsten and polythene collimator. This imager was the backbone of the study and underwent significant developments to allow for deployment in different environments. The principle of operation was a heavily shielded single detector which sequentially interrogated space through a small unshielded and sensitive region over the time-scale of a few hours. The objectives were to create a compact, lightweight and portable system which could be used in high-dose or highly-shielded environments to image radiation fields. The second was a slot-modulated imaging approach with a tungsten anti-collimator, effectively using the first imaging system in geometric inversion. As with the first imager, this required sequential interrogation of space over the order of hours, though here the sensitive region was large. This introduced some drawbacks on the image quality but addressed situations where a more compact and lightweight probe was required or where neutron radiation fields were of very high energy (up to deuterium-tritium fusion at 14.1 MeV). The third system was an uncollimated multi-detector system which used readings from four detectors with a real-time algorithm to determine the position of a single source. This configuration was incapable of imaging complex fields, but was effective at tracking the position of a single source every 2 seconds. The bulk of the research was conducted with the slot-modulated imaging approach which was demonstrated with the following radiation sources: a 252Cf source and 241Am/Be source stored in cans, a 252Cf source stored in a steel-shielded water tank and a TRIGA test reactor core. These sources of neutrons and gamma-rays in combination with variation in shielding provided a range of scenarios which were representative of potential industrial deployments in nuclear medicine, nuclear safeguards, nuclear security and nuclear decommissioning. The anti-collimated imaging technique was demonstrated using a 252Cf source stored in a steel-shielded water tank. The uncollimated real-time approach was demonstrated in tracking a single 137Cs source in 3D space which was representative of nuclear security and nuclear medicine applications. The potential applications were explored in the context of other technologies in previous and active research

Rethinking Context Management of Data Parallel Processors in an Era of Irregular Computing

Data parallel architectures such as general purpose GPUs and those using SIMD extensions have become increasingly prevalent in high performance computing due to their power efficiency, high throughput, and relative ease of programming. They offer increased flexibility and cost efficiency over custom ASICs, and greater performance per Watt over multicore systems. However, an emerging class of irregular workloads threatens the continued ubiquity of these platforms as general solutions. Indirect memory accesses and conditional execution result in significantly underutilized hardware resources. The nondeterministic behavior of these workloads combined with the massive context size associated with data parallel architectures make it difficult to manage resources and achieve desired performance. This dissertation explores new strategies for scheduling irregular computational tasks. Specifically, we characterize the performance loss associated with current thread block scheduling policies in GPU architectures and evaluate possible extensions to enable better performance. Common patterns exist in irregular workloads which allow the architecture to dynamically respond to changing execution conditions. We analyze how these strategies can entail high overhead in many-thread architectures due to their large context sizes and explore methods to limit this cost. Our solution is able to achieve significant increases in throughput of up to 17% with minor augmentations to traditional GPU architectures and full support for legacy software. We show that by extending these solutions to incorporate more dramatic alterations to the architecture and programming model, we can increase this improvement to 24%. We further identify potential correctness issues when generalizing these strategies to heterogeneous multi-core SIMD systems. After presenting data motivating the support for context switching in these systems, we demonstrate how modifications can guarantee correctness and propose simple extensions to the ISA which enable the full benefits of these dynamic solutions.PHDComputer Science & EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153379/1/jbbeau_1.pd

High-intensity power-resolved radiation imaging of an operational nuclear reactor

Knowledge of the neutron distribution in a nuclear reactor is necessary to ensure the safe and efficient burnup of reactor fuel. Currently these measurements are performed by in-core systems in what are extremely hostile environments and in most reactor accident scenarios it is likely that these systems would be damaged. Here we present a compact and portable radiation imaging system with the ability to image high-intensity fast-neutron and gamma-ray fields simultaneously. This system has been deployed to image radiation fields emitted during the operation of a TRIGA test reactor allowing a spatial visualization of the internal reactor conditions to be obtained. The imaged flux in each case is found to scale linearly with reactor power indicating that this method may be used for power-resolved reactor monitoring and for the assay of ongoing nuclear criticalities in damaged nuclear reactors

Does Obesity Cause Thyroid Cancer? A Mendelian Randomization Study

Background: The incidence of thyroid cancer is rising, and relatively little is known about modifiable risk factors for the condition. Observational studies have suggested a link between adiposity and thyroid cancer; however, these are subject to confounding and reverse causality. Here, we used data from the UK Biobank and Mendelian randomization approaches to investigate whether adiposity causes benign nodular thyroid disease and differentiated thyroid cancer. Methods: We analyzed data from 379 708 unrelated participants of European ancestry in the UK Biobank and identified 1812 participants with benign nodular thyroid disease and 425 with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. We tested observational associations with measures of adiposity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. One and 2-sample Mendelian randomization approaches were used to investigate causal relationships. Results: Observationally, there were positive associations between higher body mass index (odds ratio [OR], 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.22), higher waist-hip ratio (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.09-1.23), and benign nodular thyroid disease, but not thyroid cancer. Mendelian randomization did not support a causal link for obesity with benign nodular thyroid disease or thyroid cancer, although it did provide some evidence that individuals in the highest quartile for genetic liability of type 2 diabetes had higher odds of thyroid cancer than those in the lowest quartile (OR, 1.45; CI, 1.11-1.90). Conclusions: Contrary to the findings of observational studies, our results do not confirm a causal role for obesity in benign nodular thyroid disease or thyroid cancer. They do, however, suggest a link between type 2 diabetes and thyroid cancer.This article is freely available via Open Access. Click on the Publisher URL to access it via the publisher's site.WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdompublished version, accepted version (12 month embargo), submitted versio