Diversity and Inclusivity in the Health Science Professions in the USA: A Case Study From Nursing History

The health science professions- nursing, occupational therapy, physical therapy, audiology and speech-language pathology -address diversity and inclusivity within their professional organizations and educational experiences. Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) courses serve as the gateway into these professions. Diversity and inclusion is a larger higher education issue in the USA, as these programs are housed in colleges and universities. This paper explores diversity and inclusivity in these professions today and uses a historical case study from nursing to understand the impact history has had on this issue over time. The case study reflects nursing’s struggle to develop educational and professional standards in the United States between the end of the 19th and the early part of the 20th century, a period when prejudice reigned either by law or by custom. Since several of the health science professions share a similar background to that of nursing, this profession can serve as an exemplar as to how it addressed racist laws and attitudes that permeated nursing education in hospital and university based programs. While some progress has been made, remnants of these segregating forces continue today as institutional racism and implicit bias negatively permeates educational settings and the health care delivery models. The data show who is missing from this larger conversations on campus, and unless we explore, question, and study the history of the health science professions, opportunity to be become more diverse and inclusive to meet the needs of the profession and the public will be missed. Résumé Les professions des sciences de la santé (sciences infirmières, ergothérapie, physiothérapie, audiologie et orthophonie) abordent la diversité et l’inclusion dans leurs organisations professionnelles et leurs expériences formatives. Les cours de science, de technologie, d’ingénierie et de mathématiques (STIM) sont une porte d’entrée vers ces professions. La diversité et l’inclusion sont davantage un problème au niveau des études supérieures aux États-Unis, car ces programmes sont offerts dans les collèges et les universités. Cet article explore la diversité et l’inclusion dans ces professions de nos jours et utilise une étude de cas historique des sciences infirmières pour comprendre les conséquences de l’histoire sur ce problème au fil du temps. L’étude de cas reflète la lutte des sciences infirmières pour établir des normes professionnelles et éducationnelles aux États-Unis entre la fin du 19e et le début du 20e siècle, une période pendant laquelle les préjudices régnaient, appuyés par la loi ou les coutumes. Comme plusieurs des professions en sciences de la santé partagent un contexte commun avec les sciences infirmières, cette profession peut illustrer la façon de contrecarrer les lois et attitudes racistes qui imprégnaient la formation en sciences infirmières dans les programmes situés dans les hôpitaux et les programmes universitaires. Bien que des progrès aient été constatés, des vestiges de cette ségrégation se font encore sentir avec les conséquences négatives du racisme institutionnel et des préjugés implicites dans les contextes éducatifs et les modèles de prestation de soins de santé. Les données montrent les absents de ce vaste dialogue sur les campus et à moins d’explorer, de questionner et d’étudier l’histoire des professions en sciences de la santé, l’occasion de devenir plus diversifié et inclusif pour répondre aux besoins de la profession et du public sera ratée

Unconditional convergence and optimal error estimates of a Galerkin-mixed FEM for incompressible miscible flow in porous media

In this paper, we study the unconditional convergence and error estimates of a Galerkin-mixed FEM with the linearized semi-implicit Euler time-discrete scheme for the equations of incompressible miscible flow in porous media. We prove that the optimal $L^2$ error estimates hold without any time-step (convergence) condition, while all previous works require certain time-step condition. Our theoretical results provide a new understanding on commonly-used linearized schemes for nonlinear parabolic equations. The proof is based on a splitting of the error function into two parts: the error from the time discretization of the PDEs and the error from the finite element discretization of corresponding time-discrete PDEs. The approach used in this paper is applicable for more general nonlinear parabolic systems and many other linearized (semi)-implicit time discretizations

Designing nutrition-based interventional trials for the future: addressing the known knowns

Abstract The consistent decline in critical illness mortality has a significant effect on trial design, whereby either an improbable effect sizes or large number of patients are required. The signal-to-noise ratio is of particular interest for the critically ill. When considering the potential signal, interventions need to match outcomes in regard to biological plausibility. Provision of nutrition is a complex decision with many underappreciated aspects of noise. However, a fundamental interaction is often not accounted for time. Working as a community to evolve trial design will be our challenge for nutrition interventions in the critically ill for the future

Quantitative analysis of B-lymphocyte migration directed by CXCL13

B-lymphocyte migration, directed by chemokine gradients, is essential for homing to sites of antigen presentation

Interdisciplinary Development of a Transdiagnostic Mobile App to Enhance Children’s Emotion Regulation: Sharing Insights and Lessons Learned

Background: Digital interventions, including mobile apps represent promising means to provide effective mental health support to young people. Despite the increased availability of mental health apps, there is a significant gap for this age group, especially for younger children. Research investigating the effectiveness and development process of child mental health apps is limited, and the field faces persistent issues in relation to low user up-take and engagement, which is assumed to be a result of lacking interdisciplinary approaches. // Objective: We present the development and design process of a new mental health app for children that targets their emotion regulation abilities. We describe the creation of a new interdisciplinary development framework, to guide the design process, and explain how each activity informed different app features. // Methods: The first two stages of the framework employed a variety of methods, including: 1) classroom observations, 2) public-engagement events with the target group (N=21), 3) synthesis of the existing evidence as part of a meta-analysis, 4) a series of co-design and participatory workshops with young users (N=33), clinicians (N=7), researchers (N=12), app developers (N=1) , designers (N=2), and lastly 5) testing of the first high-tech prototype (N=15). // Results: For the interdisciplinary framework we drew on methods derived from the medical research council framework for complex interventions, the patient-clinician-framework and Druin’s cooperative inquiry. The classroom observations, public-engagement events, and synthesis of the existing evidence informed the first key pillars of the app and wireframes. Subsequently, a series of workshops shaped and reshaped the content and app features, including games, psychoeducational films, and practice modules. Based on the prototype testing sessions we made further adjustments to improve the app. // Conclusions: Although mobile apps could be highly suitable to support young people’s mental health on a wider scale, there is little guidance on how these interventions could be designed. The involvement of the different methods and especially the young users was very valuable. We hope that the interdisciplinary framework and multiple methods that we applied will be helpful to others who are also aiming to develop suitable apps for young peopl

Relationship Between Exercise Motivation, Exercise Enjoyment, and Daily Cognition of Collegiate Student-Athletes

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Fluid Flows of Mixed Regimes in Porous Media

In porous media, there are three known regimes of fluid flows, namely, pre-Darcy, Darcy and post-Darcy. Because of their different natures, these are usually treated separately in literature. To study complex flows when all three regimes may be present in different portions of a same domain, we use a single equation of motion to unify them. Several scenarios and models are then considered for slightly compressible fluids. A nonlinear parabolic equation for the pressure is derived, which is degenerate when the pressure gradient is either small or large. We estimate the pressure and its gradient for all time in terms of initial and boundary data. We also obtain their particular bounds for large time which depend on the asymptotic behavior of the boundary data but not on the initial one. Moreover, the continuous dependence of the solutions on initial and boundary data, and the structural stability for the equation are established.Comment: 33 page

Letter from Bear, et al to Representative Burdick Regarding Property Laws, Undated

This undated resolution signed by Joe B. Bear, Adlai Stevenson, Alfred S. Smith, Jackson Dancing Bull, and Francis Stevenson concerns property issues related to the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation. The resolution states that the members of the Fort Berthold Americans Inc. do not agree with a law which would regard native property as a collective movement that denies property ownership. See also: Letter from Adlai Stevenson to Representative Burdick Regarding Lemke Bill, April 3, 1944https://commons.und.edu/burdick-papers/1212/thumbnail.jp

Spontaneous symmetry breaking in gauge theories via Bose-Einstein condensation

We propose a mechanism naturally leading to the spontaneous symmetry breaking in a gauge theory. The Higgs field is assumed to have global and gauged internal symmetries. We associate a non zero chemical potential to one of the globally conserved charges commuting with all of the gauge transformations. This induces a negative mass squared for the Higgs field triggering the spontaneous symmetry breaking of the global and local symmetries. The mechanism is general and we test the idea for the electroweak theory in which the Higgs sector is extended to possess an extra global Abelian symmetry. To this symmetry we associate a non zero chemical potential. The Bose-Einstein condensation of the Higgs leads, at tree level, to modified dispersion relations for the Higgs field while the dispersion relations of the gauge bosons and fermions remain undisturbed. The latter are modified through higher order corrections. We have computed some corrections to the vacuum polarizations of the gauge bosons and fermions. To quantify the corrections to the gauge boson vacuum polarizations with respect to the Standard Model we considered the effects on the T parameter. We finally derive the one loop modified fermion dispersion relations.Comment: RevTeX 4, 13 pages. Added references and corrected typo

Multi-messenger astronomy of gravitational-wave sources with flexible wide-area radio transient surveys

We explore opportunities for multi-messenger astronomy using gravitational waves (GWs) and prompt, transient low-frequency radio emission to study highly energetic astrophysical events. We review the literature on possible sources of correlated emission of gravitational waves and radio transients, highlighting proposed mechanisms that lead to a short-duration, high-flux radio pulse originating from the merger of two neutron stars or from a superconducting cosmic string cusp. We discuss the detection prospects for each of these mechanisms by low-frequency dipole array instruments such as LWA1, LOFAR and MWA. We find that a broad range of models may be tested by searching for radio pulses that, when de-dispersed, are temporally and spatially coincident with a LIGO/Virgo GW trigger within a \usim 30 second time window and \usim 200 \mendash 500 \punits{deg}^{2} sky region. We consider various possible observing strategies and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Uniquely, for low-frequency radio arrays, dispersion can delay the radio pulse until after low-latency GW data analysis has identified and reported an event candidate, enabling a \emph{prompt} radio signal to be captured by a deliberately targeted beam. If neutron star mergers do have detectable prompt radio emissions, a coincident search with the GW detector network and low-frequency radio arrays could increase the LIGO/Virgo effective search volume by up to a factor of \usim 2. For some models, we also map the parameter space that may be constrained by non-detections.Comment: 31 pages, 4 figure