Competitive formation of spiro and ansa derivatives in the reactions of tetrafluorobutane-1,4-diol with hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene: a comparison with butane-1,4-diol

Reaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene, N3P3Cl6 (1), in two stoichiometries (1:1.2 and 1:3) with the sodium derivative of the fluorinated diol, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorobutane-1,4-diol, (2), in THF solution at room temperature afforded six products, whose structures have been characterized by X-ray crystallography and 1H, 19F and 31P NMR spectroscopy: the mono-spiro compound, N3P3Cl4(OCH2CF2CF2CH2O), (3), its ansa isomer, (4), a di-spiro derivative N3P3Cl2(OCH2CF2CF2CH2O)2, (5), its spiro-ansa (6) and non-gem cis bis-ansa (7) isomers and a tri-spiro compound N3P3(OCH2CF2CF2CH2O)3, (8). The tri-spiro derivative (8) was also formed in the reaction of the ansa compound (4) with diol (2) in a 1:3 ratio in THF at room temperature. The reactions of (1) with step-wise additions of (2) were also investigated at low temperature (-780C) to give the same range of products as at room temperature. The results of all reactions are compared with previous work on the reactions of (1) with butane-1,4-diol/pyridine mixtures and with the reaction of hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene, N3P3F6 (9), with the silyl derivative of the diol (2), (Me3SiOCH2CF2)2, in a 1:0.4 mole ratio in the same solvent, THF

Structural and stereogenic properties of spiro- and ansa-substituted 1,3-propanedioxy derivatives of a spermine-bridged cyclotriphosphazene

Reaction of 1,3-propanediol with the achiral spermine-bridged cyclophosphazene 1 at various molar ratios in THF gives a number of spiro-and ansa-derivatives that exhibit different stereogenic properties, viz. racemic, meso or achiral forms. As expected, spiro forms are preferred (giving mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-substitution), although significant amounts of mono- and di-substituted ansa derivatives also occur. A number of new structures have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography in this work; mono-spiro 2, di-mono-ansa 6 and di-spiro/mono-ansa 8. The mono-ansa compound 3 was observed in solution by NMR spectroscopy but no evidence was found for the monospiro/monoansa 5, a necessary precursor of compound 8. The tri-spiro derivative 7 has been isolated and characterized by 31P NMR spectroscopy, whereas the structures of the di-monospiro 4 (meso) and tetra-spiro 9 have been characterized previously. The stereogenic properties of many of the products have been confirmed by X-ray crystallography and/or by 31P NMR spectroscopy on addition of the chiral solvating agent, (S)-(+)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(9-anthryl)ethanol. Although the starting compound 1 is achiral, it is found that unsymmetrically-substituted derivatives with 1,3-propanediol give racemic mixtures for the mono-spiro 2 and tri-spiro 7 derivatives, whereas symmetrically-substituted derivatives such as di-mono-ansa 6 and di-spiro/mono-ansa 8 are meso. It is found that care must taken in interpreting the 'splitting' of 31P NMR signals on addition of CSA in terms of 'chirality' of molecules, because some meso compounds give false positive results due to changes from A2X-like to A2B or ABX spin systems

Radiation Dosimetry in Thyroid Cancer Patients

Radioactive iodine is utilized commonly for ablation of remnant thyroid tissue after thyroidectomy and treatment of persistent disease and metastases in differentiated thyroid cancer patients. As it involves ionizing radiation, it is important to ensure that the patients receive optimum amount of radiation to destruct the target tissue while keeping the radiation-related side effects to minimum. In clinical practice, standard activity doses are preferred for thyroid cancer patients, assuming that biokinetics are similar in all patients. Lately, many clinicians offered to individualise the radioactive iodine therapy by calculating the optimal amount of radioactivity using patient dosimetry. Radiation dosimetry is used to calculate the minimum effective and maximum tolerated absorbed dose for a successful radioactive iodine therapy. This approach enables to administer increased amount of therapeutic activity while minimizing the related side effects. This chapter presents some of the basic principles of patient dosimetry and radioiodine biokinetics following radioactive iodine administration in differentiated thyroid cancer patients

Identification of the viscoelastic properties of soft materials using a convenient dynamic indentation system and procedure

The responses of soft structures such as tissue depend on their viscoelastic properties. Therefore, the knowledge of the elastic and damping properties of soft materials is of great interest. This paper presents the identification of the viscoelastic properties of soft materials using a convenient dynamic indentation system and procedure. Using an electromagnet, a force is applied to a rigid sphere located at the soft-material interface and the dynamic response of the sphere is recorded using a high-speed camera. The recorded video is processed to identify the displacement of the sphere as a function of time. The dynamic response of the sphere located at the soft-material interface is predicted using an analytical model that considers the shear modulus and density of the soft sample, the radiation damping due to shear waves, and the radius and density of the sphere. By matching the measured and predicted steady-state displacements of the sphere, the shear modulus of the soft sample is determined. The viscous damping ratio of the soft sample is identified by using an equivalent viscous damping ratio for the soft sample in the analytical model and matching the measured and predicted oscillation amplitudes of the sphere. Experiments and analyzes are performed using gelation phantoms with different mechanical properties, spheres of different materials and sizes, and different force levels to verify the system and procedure. Three experiments are performed for each gelation phantom, sphere, and external force, and the repeatability of the results is presented. The results show that the dynamic indentation system and procedure presented in this study can be conveniently used to determine the viscoelastic properties of soft materials in practical applications.WOS:000797600100022Scopus - Affiliation ID: 60105072Conference Proceedings Citation IndexProceedings PaperUluslararası işbirliği ile yapılmayan - HAYIR2022YÖK - 2021-22Oca

Fusariosis manifesting as targetoid purpuric cutaneous lesions in immunocompromised patients

[No abstract available

Kryptoracemates

Racemic crystals normally crystallise in centrosymmetric spacegroups containing equal numbers of enantiomers. More rarely, racemates may crystallise in non-centrosymmetric space-groups having glide symmetry or, even more rarely, in space-groups devoid of a centre of inversion, having no rotary-inversion axes nor glide plane. The latter class of crystals form the subject of the present bibliographic review – a survey of kryptoracemic behaviour. The term kryptoracemic alludes to the presence of a hidden or non-crystallographic centre of inversion between two molecules that might otherwise be expected to crystallise in an achiral space-group, often about a centre of inversion. Herein, examples of molecules with stereogenic centres crystallising in one of the 65 Sohncke space-groups are described. Genuine kryptoracemates, i.e. crystals comprising only enantiomorphous pairs are described followed by an overview of non-genuine kryptoracemates whereby the crystal also contains other species such as solvent and/or counterions. A full range, i.e. one to six, stereogenic centres are noted in genuine kryptoracemates. Examples will also be described whereby there are more that one enantiomeric pair of molecules in the crystallographic asymmetric unit. A more diverse range of examples are available for non-genuine kryptoracemates. There are unbalanced species where in addition to the enantiomeric pair of molecules, there is another enantiomeric molecule present. There are examples of genuine co-crystals, solvated species and of salts. Finally, special examples will be highlighted where the counterions are chiral and where they are disparate, both circumstances promoting kryptoracemic behaviour

Ömer Besîm’s Life, Literary Character, Works and Examination of His Divan

Kültür tarihimizin önemli bir bölümünü oluşturan “Divân Edebiyatı”, geniş bir coğrafyaya yayılmış milletimizin edebî zevkinin mührünü üzerinde taşır. Arap dünyasından Acem’e oradan da bize geçen bu edebiyat, milletimizin his dünyasında geniş bir yer bulmuş, yedi asır milletimizin dilinde ve gönlünde yaşamıştır. Divan edebiyatı hakkında hüküm verebilmek için bu edebiyatın vücuda geldiği tarihsel dönemi, şairlerin sosyal yaşamlarını ve eserlerini ilmî değerlendirmeler ışığında ortaya koymak gerekir. Bu çalışmaların önemli bir yerini tutan tahlil çalışmaları bize yol gösterecektir. Bu çalışmada XVIII. yüzyılda Kırım’dan İstanbul’a gelerek divan kâtipliği yapmış ve daha sonra hâcegândan olarak yaşamış Ömer Besim Efendi’nin, şiirlerinin transkripsiyonu ve incelemesi yapılmıştır. Eser tahlile tabi tutulmadan, önceki tahlil çalışmaları gözden geçirilmiş, bir bölümünün künyesi “Ön Söz” bölümünde verilen bu eserler model olarak benimsenmiştir. Şairin hayal dünyasını tespit etmek amacıyla eser baştan sona fişlenip, bu fişlerin tasnifiyle dört ana başlık elde edilmiş, bu bölümler de alt başlıklar altında incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın “Sonuç” bölümünde eserin değerlendirilmesi yapılmış; faydalanılan eserler ve yazarları “Kaynaklar” bölümünde verilmiştir. Bir kültür araştırması olan bu tahlilin bu alanda yapılan çalışmalara küçük de olsa bir katkı sağlaması en büyük dileğimizdir.Divan literature which composes the important part of our cultural history, has the signet of pleasure literary of our nation who get around the large geography. This literature which came to Iran from the world Arabic culture and then came to us, welcomed by heart in the world sense of our people and lived in heart and in language of our people’ live for seven centuries. It is necessary to cansider the historical period of this litereture’s way of coming in to being and the social lives and Works of poets through scientific Works to make a judgement about Divan literature. Analysis works which constitue an important part of these works, will guide to us. In this study, the poems of Ömer Besîm Efendi who came to İstanbul from the Crimea in the 18 th century and worked as a secretory in Divan and then lived as hacegandan were transcribed and analysed. Before analysing the Works, the previous analysis were etamined and these analyses, some of theye analyses’ brief curriculum vitaes were given in introducing part, are taken as a model. The work got index card from beginning to the end to define the poet’s world of imagination, and four principal headline were obtained by means of these index cards, and then these headlines were investigated under lower parts. In the conclusian part of the study, there is work an evalvation of this work and the reference books and their authors were given in the references part. We wish thos analysis, which is a cultural resarch, will give some help the studies made in this field

The position of serum lectin-like okside ldl receptor-1 levels for the detection and evaluation of the left ventricular systolic heart failure

Kalp yetersizliği sıklığı giderek artan, önemli morbidite ve mortaliteye sahip ciddi bir sağlık problemidir. Kalp yetersizliği tanısının erken dönemde saptanması ve tedaviye başlanması morbidite ve mortalitenin azalmasını sağlar. Kalp yetersizliğinde ortaya çıkan semptomlar birçok hastalıkta bulunabilmekte ve tanıyı güçleştirmektedir. Bu nedenle kalp yetersizliği tanısı için yardımcı testler kullanılmaktadır. Bu tanısal testler içerisinde üzerinde en çok çalışılan molekül B tip natriüretik peptid (BNP)'dir. Ayrıca kalp yetersizliğinin tanısında faydalı olabileceği düşünülen birçok molekül üzerinde de çalışılmaktadır. Son yıllarda Lektin-like okside LDL reseptörü-1 (LOX-1) ile ilgili bir çok çalışma yapılmıştır. Yapılan bir çalışmada; sağlıklı farelere göre, kalp yetersizliği olan farelerde LOX-1 mRNA düzeyleri anlamlı olarak daha yüksek saptanmıştır. Bu çalışmada sol ventrikül sistolik kalp yetersizliğinin tanısı ve değerlendirilmesinde serum LOX-1 düzeyinin yeri ve pro-BNP ile ilişkisini değerlendirmeyi amaçladık.Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Kardiyoloji Anabilim Dalı'na Ekim 2011 ile Nisan 2012 tarihleri arasında başvuran, kalp yetersizliği olan 55 kişi hasta grubu ve kalp yetersizliği tanısı olmayan 25 kişi kontrol grubu olarak, kabul edilme ve dışlama kriterleri doğrultusunda çalışmaya alındı. Olgulardan ayrıntılı anamnez alındı ve fizik muayeneleri yapıldı. Tüm olgulara elektrokardiyografi çekildi ve ekokardiyografi yapıldı. Hastalardan rutin biyokimyasal tetkikler, CRP, pro-BNP ve LOX-1 çalışıldı.Çalışmamızda LOX-1 ve pro-BNP düzeyi; kontrol grubuna göre, kalp yetersizliği olan hastalarda anlamlı olarak daha yüksek bulundu ve sol ventrikül EF ile negatif korelasyon göstermekteydi. Fakat LOX-1 düzeyi ile pro-BNP düzeyleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmadı. Ayrıca LOX-1 düzeyi, dilate kardiyomiyopatili (DKMP) hasta grubuna göre iskemik kardiyomiyopatili (İKMP) hasta grubunda anlamlı olarak daha yüksek saptandı. LOX-1 düzeyi 1,31 ng/ml cut off değerinde DKMP'li hastaları göstermede %41,7 duyarlılık, %96 özgüllüğe sahipken; İKMP'li hastaları göstermede %67,7 duyarlılık, %96 özgüllüğe sahipti. LOX-1 düzeyi ile hastaların fonksiyonel kapasiteleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmadı.Sonuç olarak çalışmamız sol ventrikül sistolik kalp yetersizliği olan hastaların tanısında serum LOX-1 düzeyinin kullanılabileceğini gösteren ilk çalışmadır. LOX-1'in özellikle İKMP'li hastaların tanısında önemli bir yeri olabileceği gösterilmiştir.Çalışmamız tek merkezli, sınırlı sayıda hastada ve sınırlı sürede yapılmıştır. Serum LOX-1 düzeyinin, kalp yetersizliğinin tanı ve değerlendirilmesinde kullanımı için; daha geniş popülasyonda, çok merkezli randomize, prospektif çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.The heart failure, increasing incidence, is a serious health problem with significant morbidity and mortality. Early detection of heart failure diagnosis and beginning treatment reduces morbidity and mortality. Symptoms of the heart failure can be found many diseases and this makes it difficult to diagnosis. For this reason, for the diagnosis of the heart failure, other diagnostic tests are used to help. In recent years, the most extensively studied diagnostic tests is the B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). In addition, many molecules, which might be useful in the diagnosis of heart failure have been also studied. In recent years a lot of research has been done with lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1). In a study; it was noted that mice with heart failure had significantly higher LOX-1 mRNA levels than the healthy mice. In the study, we aimed to evaluate the importance of the serum LOX-1 levels in the diagnosis and assessment of left ventricular systolic heart failure and relationship with the level of serum pro-BNP.It was enrolled 55 patients with a diagnosis of heart failure forming patient group and 25 patients without a diagnosis of heart failure forming a control group who admitted the Department of Cardiology at Uludag University Medical Faculty between October 2011 to April 2012 according to admission and exclusion criteria. Detailed history was taken and physical examination of the cases was performed. Echocardiography was performed in all cases. In patients serum CRP, pro-BNP and LOX-1 were studied.In our study, serum LOX-1 and pro-BNP levels in the heart failure group were detected significantly higher than the control group and showed negative correlations with the left ventricular ejection fraction (EF). However, there was no significant relationship between serum LOX-1 and pro-BNP levels. In addition, LOX-1 level in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy was significantly higher than the patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. ROC analysis was done for the studied sample of serum LOX-1, the `cut off level was determined as 1,31 ng / ml for LOX-1 giving a sensitivity of 41,7 % and specificity of 96 % for the diagnosis of the dilated cardiomyopathy; giving a sensitivity of 67,7 % and specificity of 96 % for the diagnosis of the ichemic cardiomyopathy. There was no significant association between LOX-1 level and the functional capacity of patients.Our study was the first study showing the utility of the serum LOX-1 levels in the diagnosis of the patients with left ventricular systolic heart failure. LOX-1 was shown to be important place in the diagnosis of the patients with the ischemic cardiomyopathy.Our study was made in a single center with a limited number of the patients and a limited period. For the usage of the serum LOX-1 level in the diagnosis and assessment of left ventricular systolic heart failure; multicenter, more sample sized prospective studies are needed