10 research outputs found
Promocijas darbs
Get PDFPromocijas darbs analizÄ Trimdas veiktÄs politiskÄs darbÄ«bas Latvijas neatkarÄ«bas idejas uzturÄÅ”anai RietumvalstÄ«s padomju okupÄcijas gados. TajÄ, izmantojot plaÅ”u iepriekÅ” pÄtniecÄ«bÄ neizmantotu avotu bÄzi, tiek analizÄti: paÅÄmieni, ar kÄdiem Trimda izplatÄ«ja informÄciju par Baltijas valstÄ«m; Trimdas iesaistÄ«Å”anÄs pret-komunisma kustÄ«bÄs savÄs mÄ«tnes zemÄs kÄ lÄ«dzeklis uzturÄt Latvijas neatkarÄ«bas ideju; Trimdas politiskÄs aktivitÄtes starptautiskÄ mÄrogÄ ASV un PSRS tuvinÄÅ”anÄs kontekstÄ no 1970. gadu sÄkuma. Darbs hronoloÄ£iski aptver laiku no OtrÄ pasaules kara beigÄm, kad Trimda izveidojÄs, lÄ«dz Atmodas procesu sÄkumam LatvijÄ 1980. gadu otrajÄ pusÄ. ÄŖstenojot politisko darbÄ«bu ar mÄrÄ·i veicinÄt Latvijas Republikas valstiskuma atjaunoÅ”anu, Trimdai izdevÄs sasniegt nozÄ«mÄ«gus rezultÄtus, kuri bija svarÄ«gi Latvijas valstiskuma atjaunoÅ”anas procesÄ.The dissertation analyses the political initiatives carried out by the Latvian Ć©migrĆ©s to maintain the idea of Latvia's independence in the West during the Soviet occupation. Exploring an extensive range of sources, this work studies how the Ć©migrĆ©s disseminated information about the Baltic states; The involvement in anti-communist movements as a means of upholding the idea of Latvia's independence; Political activities at an international level in the context of the improving relations between the United States and the USSR in early 1970s. The dissertation chronologically encompasses the period from the end of the Second World War, when the Ć©migrĆ© community was formed, to the beginning of the Awakening processes in Latvia in the second half of the 1980s. By implementing political initiatives, the Ć©migrĆ©s managed to achieve significant results that had an impact upon the process of restoring the statehood of Latvia
LU 81. starptautiskÄs zinÄtniskÄs konferences sekcijas "Konflikti un sadarbÄ«ba vÄsturÄ" : tÄzes
Get PDFThe collection contains the abstracts of the papers presented at the section "Conflicts and Cooperation in History" organised by the Institute of Latvian History as part of the 81st International Scientific Conference of the University of Latvia on 30 and 31 March 2023. The theses reflect the contributions of researchers from the Institute of Latvian History, the Faculty of History and Philosophy, the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Kalnciema Museum, several independent Latvian researchers,
as well as Romanian and Lithuanian researchers to the study of topical historical issues.
The studies analyse cases of conflict and cooperation in history in the broadest sense and over a wide geographical and chronological scope: from the Middle Ages to the 1980s. It looks at interactions between Livonian towns, the influence of craft decoration and clothing styles from certain models, and examples of political, economic and military cooperation in Latvia and, for example, between Romania and Sweden. Studies on conflicts analyse written and archaeological evidence of 18th century warfare, events during the Latvian War of Independence, the Spanish Civil War and World War II. Episodes of both cooperation and conflict are explored in the relations of the Brethren Churches with the administration of the Russian Empire, between Latvians and Baltic Germans, and after the Second World War - both in exile and in the bureaucracy of Soviet-occupied Latvia.KrÄjumÄ apkopotas 2023. gada 30. un 31. martÄ Latvijas UniversitÄtes 81. starptautiskÄs zinÄtniskÄs konferences ietvaros Latvijas UniversitÄtes Latvijas vÄstures institÅ«ta organizÄtÄs sekcijas āKonflikti un sadarbÄ«ba vÄsturÄā nolasÄ«to referÄtu tÄzes. TÄzÄs atspoguļojas LU Latvijas vÄstures institÅ«ta, LU VÄstures un filozofijas fakultÄtes, LU Filozofijas un socioloÄ£ijas institÅ«ta, Kalnciema muzeja pÄtnieku, vairÄku neatkarÄ«go Latvijas pÄtnieku, kÄ arÄ« RumÄnijas un Lietuvas pÄtnieku ieguldÄ«jums aktuÄlu vÄstures jautÄjumu izpÄtÄ.
PÄtÄ«jumos analizÄti konfliktu un sadarbÄ«bas gadÄ«jumi vÄsturÄ visplaÅ”ÄkajÄ nozÄ«mÄ un plaÅ”Ä Ä£eogrÄfiskÄ un hronoloÄ£iskÄ tvÄrumÄ: no viduslaikiem lÄ«dz pat 1980. gadiem. AplÅ«kota Livonijas mazpilsÄtu mijiedarbÄ«ba, amatniecÄ«bas darinÄjumu dekoru un apÄ£Ärbu stilu ietekmÄÅ”anÄs no paraugiem, kÄ arÄ« politiskas, ekonomiskas un militÄras sadarbÄ«bas piemÄri gan LatvijÄ, gan arÄ«, piemÄram, starp RumÄniju un Zviedriju. Konfliktiem veltÄ«tie pÄtÄ«jumi analizÄ rakstiskas un arheoloÄ£iskas liecÄ«bas par 18. gadsimta karadarbÄ«bu, norises Latvijas NeatkarÄ«bas kara, SpÄnijas pilsoÅu kara un arÄ« OtrÄ pasaules kara laikÄ. Gan sadarbÄ«bas, gan konfliktu epizodes savukÄrt apskatÄ«tas BrÄļu draudžu attiecÄ«bÄs ar Krievijas impÄrijas pÄrvaldi, latvieÅ”u un vÄcbaltieÅ”u starpÄ, kÄ
arÄ« pÄc OtrÄ pasaules kara ā gan trimdÄ, gan padomju okupÄtÄs Latvijas birokrÄtijÄ
Editorial
No full textTheĀ studies published in theĀ first issue of 2024Ā focus on particular aspects of military conflicts: they reflect theĀ experiences of civilians, as they face theĀ horrors of war and repressions in their everyday lives, describe theĀ efforts of aid organisations to alleviate theĀ situation of war victims, analyse theĀ challenge of providing theĀ necessary armaments for combat, and portray theĀ specific perspectives of theĀ diplomatic community on international conflicts. Three of theĀ articles in theĀ current journal are dedicated to theĀ experiences of Latvia and Lithuania during theĀ final stages of theĀ First World War and theĀ War of Independence, while one article and aĀ source publication focus on theĀ Second World War.
Traditionally, we offer our readers one article in each issue of theĀ journal, which is based on aĀ recently defended masterās thesis. In this issue, it is theĀ research by Laura KļaviÅa on theĀ culmination of theĀ repressive policy exerted by Iskolat regime in VidzemeĀ ā theĀ arrests and deportation of civilians to Moscow and Ekaterinburg in February 1918. TheĀ author traces theĀ processes of arrest and relocation of theĀ deported inhabitants of Smiltene area, describes theĀ conditions in deportation and, ultimately, their liberation and return to their homeland.
Lithuanian researcher Kestutis Kilinskas examines theĀ processes of theĀ Lithuanian War of Independence from aĀ specific perspective, tracing theĀ attempts of theĀ newly founded Republic of Lithuania in 1919Ā to provide its army with weapons and ammunition, clothing and food, requesting and receiving these materials from both belligerentsĀ ā Germany and theĀ Entente countries. This study perfectly illustrates theĀ direct link between arms supplies and changes in theĀ foreign policy interests of theĀ supplying countries, aĀ trend that we once again observe today in theĀ case of arms supplies to Ukraine.
We are publishing theĀ extensive study dedicated to theĀ activities of Lady Muriel Pagetās mission in Daugavpils from 1920Ā to 1922, implemented by Professor Emeritus Geoffrey Swain of theĀ University of GlasgowĀ ā this material is released in two sequels. TheĀ current issue contains theĀ first part of theĀ study, which concerns theĀ establishment of theĀ mission in Daugavpils and reflects Lady Murielās efforts to find theĀ most effective way to help theĀ Latvian society, which had suffered severely during theĀ long war, especially seeking to aid theĀ most vulnerable part of theĀ societyĀ ā theĀ children. In theĀ second and final part, which will be published in theĀ next issue of theĀ journal at theĀ end of 2024, theĀ author details theĀ complex relationship between theĀ mission and its main financial supporter, theĀ international Save theĀ Children Fund, and theĀ perceptions of theĀ nature of aid work, which differed between theĀ two parties.
TheĀ Romanian researcher Bogdan Alexander Schipor offers anĀ interesting and, for Latvian readers, unusual perspective on theĀ events at theĀ beginning of theĀ Second World War in Latvia, depicting them through theĀ prism of Romanian diplomat Grigore Niculescu-BuzeÅ”ti, who resided in Riga at theĀ time.
In his telegrams sent to Bucharest, which are analysed in theĀ article, theĀ Romanian diplomat reveals both theĀ prevailing mood in Latvian society at theĀ end of 1939Ā and in 1940, as well as theĀ annexation course of theĀ Baltic states by theĀ Soviet Union.
A special, and in its apparent simplicity extremely appealing historical source published in this issueĀ is theĀ report of theĀ head priest of theĀ Latvian Orthodox parish of Ärgļi JÄnis Plaudis to theĀ Riga Eparchy Administration, wherein theĀ author describes theĀ situation in Ärgļi and its surroundings after theĀ intense fighting in this region in August 1944. TheĀ report was prepared for publication by Baiba PazÄne, aĀ doctoral student at theĀ Faculty of History and Philosophy, University of Latvia. In theĀ historical document, J. Plaudis vividly depicts theĀ sudden intrusion of active warfare into theĀ everyday lives of civilians, theĀ associated emotional turmoil, loss of life, material damage andĀ ā most vividlyĀ ā chaos, insecurity and fear created by theĀ war.
TheĀ journal concludes with reviews of three recently published, very different studiesĀ ā aĀ textbook on security aspects of Latvian history by academician Guntis ZemÄ«tis, aĀ study of Latvian traditional outfits by clothing history researchers Aija Jansone and Inga VÄ«ksna, and aĀ book by Polish researcher Wojciech Materski on theĀ border issue between Latvia and Russia in historical context, published in Poland.
Kristīne Beķere
Redaktora sleja
No full text2024. gada pirmajÄ numurÄ publicÄtie pÄtÄ«jumi veltÄ«ti militÄru konfliktu atseviŔķiem aspektiem ā tie atspoguļo civiliedzÄ«votÄju pÄrdzÄ«vojumus, ierastÄs ikdienas vietÄ saskaroties ar kara Å”ausmÄm un represijÄm, apraksta palÄ«dzÄ«bas organizÄciju centienus atvieglot karÄ cietuÅ”o stÄvokli, kÄ arÄ« analizÄ izaicinÄjumu nodroÅ”inÄt kaujÄm vajadzÄ«go bruÅojumu un attÄlo diplomÄtisko aprindu specifisko skatÄ«jumu uz starptautiskiem konfliktiem. TrÄ«s no Å”ajÄ numurÄ iekļautajiem rakstiem aplÅ«ko Latvijas un Lietuvas pieredzi PirmÄ pasaules kara nobeiguma posmÄ un NeatkarÄ«bas kara laikÄ, bet viens raksts un avota publikÄcija veltÄ«ti OtrÄ pasaules kara notikumiem.
Nu jau tradicionÄli katrÄ Å¾urnÄla numurÄ piedÄvÄjam lasÄ«tÄjiem vienu rakstu, kas veidots uz nesen aizstÄvÄta maÄ£istra darba pamata. Å ajÄ numurÄ tas ir Lauras KļaviÅas pÄtÄ«jums par Iskolata režīma VidzemÄ represÄ«vÄs politikas kulminÄcijuĀ ā civiliedzÄ«votÄju arestiem un deportÄÅ”anu uz Maskavu un Jekaterinburgu 1918.Ā gada februÄrÄ«. Autore izseko deportÄto Smiltenes apkÄrtnes iedzÄ«votÄju arestÄÅ”anas un pÄrvietoÅ”anas procesiem, kÄ arÄ« raksturo apstÄkļus izsÅ«tÄ«jumÄ un, visbeidzot,Ā ā atbrÄ«voÅ”anu un atgrieÅ”anos dzimtenÄ.
LietuvieÅ”u pÄtnieks ĶÄstutis Ķilinsks Lietuvas NeatkarÄ«bas kara procesus aplÅ«ko no specifiska skatu punkta, izsekojot nupat nodibinÄtÄs Lietuvas Republikas mÄÄ£inÄjumiem 1919.Ā gadÄ nodroÅ”inÄt savu armiju ar kaujÄm nepiecieÅ”amajiem ieroÄiem un munÄ«ciju, apÄ£Ärbu un pÄrtiku, lÅ«dzot un saÅemot Å”os materiÄlus no abÄm karojoÅ”ajÄm pusÄmĀ ā VÄcijas un Antantes valstÄ«m. Å is pÄtÄ«jums lieliski atspoguļo ieroÄu piegÄžu tieÅ”o saistÄ«bu ar piegÄdÄtÄjas valsts Ärpolitisko intereÅ”u izmaiÅÄm; Å”o tendenci spilgti novÄrojam arÄ« Å”odien saistÄ«bÄ ar ieroÄu piegÄdÄm Ukrainai.
GlÄzgovas UniversitÄtes emeritÄtÄ profesora Džefrija Svaina apjomÄ«go pÄtÄ«jumu par lÄdijas MjÅ«rielas Peidžetas misijas darbÄ«bu DaugavpilÄ« no 1920.Ā lÄ«dz 1922.Ā gadam publicÄjam divos turpinÄjumos. Å ajÄ numurÄ publicÄta pÄtÄ«juma pirmÄ daļa, kas aplÅ«ko misijas izveidoÅ”anu DaugavpilÄ« un lÄdijas MjÅ«rielas centienus atrast visefektÄ«vÄko veidu, kÄ palÄ«dzÄt ilgstoÅ”ajÄ karadarbÄ«bÄ smagi cietuÅ”ajai Latvijas sabiedrÄ«bai, Ä«paÅ”i tÄs vismazÄk aizsargÄtajai daļaiĀ ā bÄrniem. OtrajÄ noslÄdzoÅ”ajÄ daļÄ, kas tiks publicÄta nÄkamajÄ Å¾urnÄla numurÄ 2024.Ā gada nogalÄ, autors detalizÄti pievÄrÅ”as sarežģītajÄm attiecÄ«bÄm starp misiju un tÄs galveno finansiÄlo atbalstÄ«tÄju, starptautisko organizÄciju āFonds āGlÄbiet bÄrnusāā (Save theĀ Children Fund) un abu iesaistÄ«to puÅ”u atŔķirÄ«gajai izpratnei par palÄ«dzÄ«bas darba bÅ«tÄ«bu.
RumÄÅu pÄtnieka Bogdana Aleksandra Skipora raksts savukÄrt piedÄvÄ interesantu un Latvijas lasÄ«tÄjam neierastu skatÄ«jumu uz OtrÄ pasaules kara sÄkuma notikumiem LatvijÄ, attÄlojot tos caur RÄ«gÄ rezidÄjoÅ”Ä rumÄÅu diplomÄta Grigores Nikulesku-BuzeÅ”ti skatÄ«juma prizmu. SavÄs telegrammÄs, kuras sÅ«tÄ«tas uz Bukaresti un kuras rakstÄ analizÄ autors, rumÄÅu diplomÄts lieliski atklÄj gan Latvijas sabiedrÄ«bÄ valdoÅ”os noskaÅojumus 1939.Ā gada nogalÄ un 1940.Ā gadÄ, gan arÄ« Padomju SavienÄ«bas veiktÄs Baltijas valstu aneksijas norisi.
ÄŖpaÅ”s un savÄ Å”Ä·ietamajÄ vienkÄrŔībÄ ÄrkÄrtÄ«gi uzrunÄjoÅ”s ir Å”ajÄ numurÄ publicÄtais vÄstures avotsĀ ā Ärgļu latvieÅ”u pareizticÄ«gÄs draudzes virspriestera JÄÅa Plauža ziÅojums RÄ«gas Eparhijas pÄrvaldei, kurÄ autors raksturo situÄciju Ärgļos un to apkÄrtnÄ pÄc intensÄ«vajÄm kaujÄm Å”ajÄ reÄ£ionÄ 1944.Ā gada augustÄ. ZiÅojumu publicÄÅ”anai sagatavojusi Latvijas UniversitÄtes VÄstures un filozofijas fakultÄtes doktorante Baiba PazÄne. TajÄ J. Plaudis dzÄ«vi attÄlo aktÄ«vÄs karadarbÄ«bas pÄkÅ”Åo ielauÅ”anos civiliedzÄ«votÄju ikdienÄ, ar to saistÄ«tos emocionÄlos satricinÄjumus, zaudÄtÄs dzÄ«vÄ«bas, materiÄlos postÄ«jumus unĀ ā visspilgtÄkĀ ā kara radÄ«to haosu, nedroŔību un bailes.
ŽurnÄlu noslÄdz recenzijas par trim nesen iznÄkuÅ”iem, saturiski ļoti dažÄdiem pÄtÄ«jumiemĀ ā akadÄmiÄ·a Gunta ZemÄ«Å”a sastÄdÄ«to mÄcÄ«bu grÄmatu, kas veltÄ«ta droŔības aspektiem Latvijas vÄsturÄ, apÄ£Ärba vÄstures pÄtnieÄu Aijas Jansones un Ingas VÄ«ksnas pÄtÄ«jumu Latvijas tradicionÄlÄ apÄ£Ärba vÄsturÄ, kÄ arÄ« PolijÄ izdotu poļu pÄtnieka Vojceha Materska grÄmatu par Latvijas un Krievijas robežjautÄjumu vÄsturiskÄ kontekstÄ.
Kristīne Beķere
Great changes at home: Latvians abroad and the proclamation of the Republic of Latvia in 1918
No full textThis paper examines how Latvian communities abroad reacted to and were influenced by a change of the first magnitude in the political life of their homeland, namely, the proclamation of the Republic of Latvia on November 18, 1918. News of the proclamation, first of all, necessitated diaspora Latvians choosing attitudes towards the new phenomenon, which highlighted the political preādispositions of the different groups within the diaspora. Polarisation of opinions was followed shortly by a wave of activities both in support of and against the new Republic. These activities included gathering financial resources for war victims and state institutions in Latvia, public relations campaigns in diaspora host countries, political lobbying etc. The establishment of the Republic of Latvia also profoundly influenced and intensified the internal formation processes within the diaspora. A marked increase of activity is observable in all fields of engagement that are characteristic of an active ethnoānational diaspora: the internal organisational structure was further developed; contacts with the homeland intensified; mutual links between geographically distant diaspora groups became closer. The great political changes in the homeland gave the Latvian diaspora the push necessary to fully develop and become an active ethnoānational diaspora
Pasaulio latvių jaunimo kongresai (1968ā1989) ir nacionalinių politinių idÄjų plÄtra egzilyje
No full textWorld Latvian Youth Congresses were the biggest gatherings of Latvian exile youths from all over the world. The objective of the article is to disclose the role of World Latvian Youth congresses as creators and reflectors of the exile youthās national-political ideas and to analyze examples of these ideas in the context of general exile national-political opinions of the time. Latvian youth in exile accepted the main goal of the exile: to promote the restoration of Latvian state independence and, closely connected to this goal, an aspiration to remain Latvians and keep their Latvian identity at least partly. At the same time, they introduced new and different approaches of how this goal could be achieved. The national-political ideas of the exile youth tend to be more pragmatic and open to the current global actualities of the time.Pasaulio latvių jaunimo kongresai buvo didžiausi latvių jaunuolių iÅ” viso pasaulio suvažiavimai iÅ”eivijoje. Å io straipsnio tikslas ā atskleisti pasaulio latvių jaunimo kongresų vaidmenÄÆ kuriant iÅ”eivijos jaunimo nacionalines, politines idÄjas ir analizuoti Å”ių idÄjų pavyzdžius bendrame tų laikų nacionalinių, politinių idÄjų kontekste. Latvių jaunuoliai iÅ”eivijoje priÄmÄ pagrindinius buvimo egzilyje tikslus: stengtis, kad bÅ«tų atkurta Latvijos valstybÄs nepriklausomybÄ, ir stengtis bent iÅ” dalies iÅ”laikyti latviÅ”kÄ
tapatybÄ. Kartu jie ÄmÄsi naujų ir skirtingų bÅ«dų Å”iuos tikslus paversti realybe. NacionalinÄs ir politinÄs idÄjos, keliamos latvių jaunimo egzilyje, buvo pragmatiÅ”kesnÄs ir atviresnÄs to meto globalinÄms tendencijoms
Everyday Life in the Theutonic Order's Castles in Medieval Livonia
No full text.
Bakalaura darbs ir veltÄ«ts ikdienas dzÄ«ves norisÄm VÄcu ordeÅa pilÄ«s viduslaiku LivonijÄ. Pils pirmkÄrt bija cietoksnis, kas deva saviem iedzÄ«votÄjiem droŔību, dzÄ«ves telpu, iespÄju novietot droÅ”Ä vietÄ krÄjumus un saimniekot.
Ikdienas dzÄ«ves specifiku pilÄ« noteica pils fiziskÄ vide ā plÄnojums, arhitektoniskÄ uzbÅ«ve un iekÄrtojums ā un pils saimnieku, VÄcu ordeÅa, statÅ«tos noteiktie ikdienas dzÄ«ves ierobežojumi. TÄpat ikdienas dzÄ«ve atŔķīrÄs dažÄdÄm sociÄlajÄm pils iedzÄ«votÄju grupÄm. Pils fiziskÄs un iedzÄ«votÄju sociÄlÄs struktÅ«ras aplÅ«koÅ”anai ir veltÄ«tas pirmÄs divas darba nodaļas. Darba treÅ”Ä nodaļa pievÄrÅ”as atseviŔķiem ikdienas dzÄ«ves jautÄjumiem, tÄdiem kÄ ordeÅa brÄļu apÄ£Ärbs un bruÅojums, pÄrtika, saimniecÄ«ba un dienas plÄnojums. ÄŖpaÅ”i uzsvÄrti ir vispÄrÄjie principi, kas visvairÄk ietekmÄja ikdienas dzÄ«vi pilÄ«. Å ie principi ir cieÅ”i saistÄ«ti ar ordeÅa bÅ«tÄ«bu ā apvienot mÅ«ku un bruÅinieku dzÄ«ves ideÄlus..
The research is devoted to everyday life in Theutonic Orderās castles in medieval Livonia. The main function of a medieval castle was to protect. And only secondly itās function was to provide space for living and place to keep stocks safe.
Everyday life in a castle was determinated at first by the physical environment of the castle ā itās planning, arhitechtonical structure and arrangement, and secondly was affected by the Rules of the Theutonic order. And besides that, everyday life was not the same for different groups of the castleās inhabitants. Both questions of castleās physical structure and of social structure of itās population is discussed in the first two chapters of the research. The third chapter deals with seperate sections of everyday life, such as clothing and armour of the Theutonic Orderās brothers, their food supplement, economy and planning of the day.
The main principles that mainly determined everyday life in a castle are expecially stressed. Theese principles have their origin from the very essence of the Theutonic Order ā an union of the ideals of knights and monks
The Scholarly Readings of Young Historians VI
No full textIzdevumÄ āJauno vÄsturnieku zinÄtniskie lasÄ«jumi VIā publicÄti 11 raksti, kuru pamatÄ ir referÄtu materiÄli, kas nolasÄ«ti 2020. gada 27. un 28. novembrÄ« Valmieras muzeja un Latvijas UniversitÄtes Latvijas vÄstures institÅ«ta interneta vidÄ rÄ«kotajÄ konferencÄ āJauno vÄsturnieku zinÄtniskie lasÄ«jumiā. KrÄjumu izdod Latvijas UniversitÄtes Latvijas vÄstures institÅ«ts sadarbÄ«bÄ ar Valmieras pilsÄtas paÅ”valdÄ«bas Valmieras muzeju.KrÄjuma sagatavoÅ”anu un izdoÅ”anu finansÄ IzglÄ«tÄ«bas un zinÄtnes ministrijas
finansÄtÄ Valsts pÄtÄ«jumu programma āLatvijas mantojums un nÄkotnes izaicinÄjumi valsts ilgtspÄjaiā, projekts āIndivÄ«da, sabiedrÄ«bas un valsts mijiedarbÄ«ba kopÄjÄ Latvijas vÄstures procesÄ: vÄrtÄ«bu konflikti un kopÄ«gu vÄrtÄ«bu veidoÅ”anÄs vÄsturiskos lÅ«zumu punktosā, projekta Nr. VPP-IZM-2018/1-001
