Mobilités familiales face à l'isolement des personnes âgées au Burkina Faso = Family mobility as a means of preventing the isolation of elderly people in Burkina Faso

Au Burkina Faso tout comme dans la majorité des pays de l’Afrique au sud du Sahara, les processus d’adaptation des ménages et familles aux crises sociales et économiques appellent de nouvelles interrogations sur les mécanismes de prise en charge des personnes âgées. Particulièrement au sein de familles multilocales, la dépendance des parents âgés suscite de nouvelles stratégies. L’étude vise à analyser les stratégies migratoires et reconfigurations familiales à partir de deux enquêtes qualitatives menées au sein de l’Observatoire de Population de Ouagadougou. Les résultats montrent comment le vieillissement induit des stratégies migratoires spécifiques pour les familles autour de Ouagadougou. Ces stratégies mobilisent les personnes dépendantes elles-mêmes ou des aidants familiaux. Elles sont fortement influencées, pas seulement par les besoins sanitaires des personnes concernées mais aussi par les normes sociales et les rôles attribués aux différents genres et générations dans l’organisation familiale traditionnelle en œuvre. Ces résultats révèlent, face au besoin de prendre en charge un parent âgé dépendant, l’ampleur des tensions entre le souci des enfants de se conformer à la norme sociale, les implications de ces aménagements dans le mode de vie familial autour de ces personnes âgées et enfin, le bien-être de ces dernières. / Care for the elderly in Burkina Faso has generally focused on issues around health and the inadequacy of the public policy response. The ways in which households and families adapt to social and economic crises call for new approaches to understanding the position of the elderly, especially the dependent elderly. It is clear that, especially within multi-local families, new strategies are being adopted to cope with the dependency of elderly parents. This study uses data from two qualitative studies undertaken within the Observatoire de Population de Ouagadougou (OPO) to analyze the migration strategies and family reconfigurations observed within families. The results show how aging leads to specific migration strategies for families around Ouagadougou where either the dependents themselves are obliged to move or, sometimes, family caregivers. Such responses are strongly influenced both by the health needs of the people concerned, and also by social norms and the roles expected of the different genders and generations in traditional family organization. Faced with the need to care for an elderly parent, we highlight the tensions between the adult offspring’s concern for complying with social norms, the implications of these changes for his/her family life, the well-being of these elderly people and, finally, the care-givers’ well-being

Study of cytokines microenvironment during autoimmune diseases in patients from Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso

The development of autoimmun diseases involves an intricate network of cytokines that recruit and activate TREGS/ TH17 cells. This study was aimed to compare PBMC levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in AID patients and non-AID controls from Bobo Dioulasso. We prospectively enrolled 17 patients who had autoimmune diseases and 17 healthy donors at University Hospital SOURO SANOU and other privates clinical, from Bobo Dioulasso, BURKINA FASO, between november 2014 and december 2015 for this cohort study. Demographic characteristics and cytokines profile: IL-2, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, TNF-α and TGF-β) were determined. We used the immunoenzymatic technology to assess the titer of cytokines. We found that there was no significant variation of TNF-α level in normal controls and autoimmune diseases patients(P=0.09).The concentrations of cytokines anti-inflammatory such as IL-2, IL-10 and TGF-β in PBMC supernatant were significantly higher in the control group than in the group of patients with autoimmun diseases (respectively P= 0.1;0.004;0.016).The supernatant levels of IL-17A, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23 and IFN-у significantly increased in autoimmun diseases in comparison to healthy controls (respectively P=0.00001; 0.001, 0.006; 0.008 and 0.000).We also found that patients with SLE and RA exhibit increased levels of IL-22, IL-21, also, patients with RA exhibit increased levels of IL-17A. Patient with HT diseases exhibit increased levels of TGF-β. Based on the level of cytokines such as IL-17A and IFN-у, we demonstrate that the phenotype IL-17+, IFN-у+ T cell is major in AID. We have shown that patients with autoimmune diseases from Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso have proinflammatory cytokines produced by TH17 cells such as (IL-17A, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23 and IFN-γ) are abundantly secreted in PBMC supernatants. While anti-inflammatory cytokines in the regulatory T-cell pathway (IL-2, IL-10 and TGF-β) are poorly secreted during autoimmune processes. We also found in the study a high prevalence of the phenotype of the following TH17 (IL-17 +, IFN-γ + T cells). We propose that the therapeutic targets be directed to the phenotypes to fight AID.Keywords: Phenotype, Cytokines, Autoimmun Disease

New regular sexual partnerships increase condom use but do not decrease risk of adverse sexual health outcomes among young female sex workers in Burkina Faso

International audienc

New regular sexual partnerships increase condom use but do not decrease risk of adverse sexual health outcomes among young female sex workers in Burkina Faso

International audienc

<i>An</i>. <i>coluzzii</i> and <i>An</i>. <i>gambiae</i> females were infected with <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> field isolates following <i>EcR</i>-silencing.

(A-B)An. coluzzii and An. gambiae females were injected with either dsGFP (Cntrl) or dsEcR and then infected with P. falciparum field isolates originating from six different gametocyte carriers (designated patient, p#). (A) Two batches of An. coluzzii females were infected with parasites from p1, p2, and p3. (B) Three batches of An. gambiae females were infected with parasites from p1, p3, p4, p5, and p6. (C) In An. coluzzii, dsEcR-injections did not reduce cumulative egg development to the level of statistical significance (Mann-Whitney). (D) In An. gambiae, EcR-silencing did result in a significant reduction in cumulative egg numbers compared to controls (unpaired t-test). (E-F) In both species, (E) An. coluzzii and (F) An. gambiae, dsEcR-injections had no effect on cumulative oocyst prevalence (Fisher’s Exact) or intensity (unpaired t-test and Mann-Whitney). P next to pie charts = prevalence. N = sample size. p# = parasite isolate.</p

Full-factor GLMM Output for VK5 <i>An</i>. <i>coluzzii</i>.

Effect of egg development (eggs vs no eggs), oocyst number, and their interactions on oocyst size. In this model, egg development and oocyst number were considered as fixed effects whereas parasite isolate, mosquito generation, and mosquito ID were set as random effects. Significant effects are in bold. (XLSX)</p

<i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> oocyst growth is negatively linked to egg development.

(A) In An. coluzzii controls (dsGFP-injected), egg numbers are negatively associated with oocyst size, but this association is lost following dsEcR treatment (GLMM, LRT). (B) In An. gambiae, egg numbers are negatively associated with oocyst size in both control and dsEcR conditions (GLMM, LRT), but (C) this association differentially varies across oocyst density in control and dsEcR females (3-way interaction, treatment*egg#*oocyst#, GLMM, LRT, X21 = 8.57, p = 0.003). Lines across egg numbers and oocyst size graphically represent the model-based analysis that was performed, which used nested individual oocyst measurements. Shading shows 95% confidence interval. N = sample size, or number of mosquitoes. Number of individual oocyst measurements including in analysis were: An. coluzzii controls = 926, An. coluzzii dsEcR = 1003, An. gambiae controls = 669, An. gambiae dsEcR = 760.</p

Additional infection data for colony mosquitoes and VK5-<i>An</i>. <i>coluzzii</i>.

(A) The majority of VK5-An. coluzzii females that were provided a parasite-infected (p1-p6) blood meal, failed to develop any eggs. (B) Oocyst prevalence (P) and intensity for individual infections with VK5-An. coluzzii. (C) Mean oocyst size per VK5-An. coluzzii female for each infection with a different parasite isolate (P#). Mean oocyst sizes are shown for simplicity, but all analyses were done with all individual oocyst measurements nested by mosquito. N = sample size. P# = parasite isolate. (TIF)</p

Additional information on <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> isolates.

MSP1-genotyping results for P. falciparum isolates (p1-p6) used in infections with An. gambiae (An. gam), An. coluzzii (An. col), and/or VK5-collected An. coluzzii (VK5-An. col) (See also Methods). (XLSX)</p

Oocyst growth is accelerated after ds<i>EcR</i> treatment in both <i>An</i>. <i>coluzzii</i> and <i>An</i>. <i>gambiae</i>.

(A) In An. coluzzii and (B) An. gambiae, EcR-depleted females had significantly larger oocysts at 8 days pIBM compared to dsGFP controls (Cntrl) (GLMM, LRT). Average oocyst size per midgut is shown for simplicity–analyses are based on nested data incorporating all oocyst measurements. (C) Representative images of oocysts found in the midgut of An. gambiae control and dsEcR females. Black dotted circles show oocyst perimeters. Scale bar = 100 μm. (D) At 12 days pIBM, EcR-silenced An. gambiae females had a greater number of sporozoites in their salivary glands than controls (Mann-Whitney). Sporozoite prevalence (P) at this time point was not different (Fisher’s Exact). (E) Expression of Lipophorin in dsEcR females was elevated relative to dsGFP controls (unpaired t-test). Gene expression was assessed for each batch of mosquitoes used in infections (whole body mosquito sample without head, prior to blood feeding). For applicable panels, N = sample size, or number of mosquitoes. Noocysts = number of individual oocyst measurements. p# = parasite isolate.</p