Testing the Efficacy of Global Biodiversity Hotspots for Insect Conservation: The Case of South African Katydids

The use of endemism and vascular plants only for biodiversity hotspot delineation has long been contested. Few studies have focused on the efficacy of global biodiversity hotspots for the conservation of insects, an important, abundant, and often ignored component of biodiversity. We aimed to test five alternative diversity measures for hotspot delineation and examine the efficacy of biodiversity hotspots for conserving a non-typical target organism, South African katydids. Using a 1° fishnet grid, we delineated katydid hotspots in two ways: (1) count-based: grid cells in the top 10% of total, endemic, threatened and/or sensitive species richness; vs. (2) score-based: grid cells with a mean value in the top 10% on a scoring system which scored each species on the basis of its IUCN Red List threat status, distribution, mobility and trophic level. We then compared katydid hotspots with each other and with recognized biodiversity hotspots. Grid cells within biodiversity hotspots had significantly higher count-based and score-based diversity than non-hotspot grid cells. There was a significant association between the three types of hotspots. Of the count-based measures, endemic species richness was the best surrogate for the others. However, the score-based measure out-performed all count-based diversity measures. Species richness was the least successful surrogate of all. The strong performance of the score-based method for hotspot prediction emphasizes the importance of including species’ natural history information for conservation decision-making, and is easily adaptable to other organisms. Furthermore, these results add empirical support for the efficacy of biodiversity hotspots in conserving non-target organisms

Gryllacrididae (Orthoptera: Ensifera) in southern Africa

Although Gryllacrididae are a largely southern hemisphere insect family, they are relatively poorly represented in southern Africa, with three genera (Ametroides Karny, 1928, Glomeremus Karny, 1937, and Stictogryllacris Karny, 1937) and ten species and subspecies recorded from the region. All Ametroides and Glomeremus species are wingless while those of Stictogryllacris are long-winged. All species are arboreal and nocturnal, returning by day to characteristically silk-spun shelters between leaves. Here, we present a diagnosis, key to genera, and high-quality images to assist in identification of Gryllacrididae. By compiling all published information in one place, we hope to facilitate future researchers to investigate this poorly known group

Gryllacrididae (Orthoptera: Ensifera) in southern Africa

Although Gryllacrididae are a largely southern hemisphere insect family, they are relatively poorly represented in southern Africa, with three genera (Ametroides Karny, 1928, Glomeremus Karny, 1937, and Stictogryllacris Karny, 1937) and ten species and subspecies recorded from the region. All Ametroides and Glomeremus species are wingless while those of Stictogryllacris are long-winged. All species are arboreal and nocturnal, returning by day to characteristically silk-spun shelters between leaves. Here, we present a diagnosis, key to genera, and high-quality images to assist in identification of Gryllacrididae. By compiling all published information in one place, we hope to facilitate future researchers to investigate this poorly known group.https://jor.pensoft.netam2019Zoology and Entomolog

Gas exchange patterns and water loss rates in the Table Mountain cockroach, Aptera fusca (Blattodea: Blaberidae)

CITATION: Groenewald, B. et al. 2013. Gas exchange patterns and water loss rates in the Table Mountain cockroach, Aptera fusca (Blattodea: Blaberidae). Journal of Experimental Biology, 216: 3844-3853, doi: 10.1242/jeb.091199.The original publication is available at http://jeb.biologists.orgThe importance of metabolic rate and/or spiracle modulation for saving respiratory water is contentious. One major explanation for gas exchange pattern variation in terrestrial insects is to effect a respiratory water loss (RWL) saving. To test this, we measured the rates of CO2 and H2O release (Embedded Image and Embedded Image, respectively) in a previously unstudied, mesic cockroach, Aptera fusca, and compared gas exchange and water loss parameters among the major gas exchange patterns (continuous, cyclic, discontinuous gas exchange) at a range of temperatures. Mean Embedded Image, Embedded Image and Embedded Image per unit Embedded Image did not differ among the gas exchange patterns at all temperatures (P>0.09). There was no significant association between temperature and gas exchange pattern type (P=0.63). Percentage of RWL (relative to total water loss) was typically low (9.79±1.84%) and did not differ significantly among gas exchange patterns at 15°C (P=0.26). The method of estimation had a large impact on the percentage of RWL, and of the three techniques investigated (traditional, regression and hyperoxic switch), the traditional method generally performed best. In many respects, A. fusca has typical gas exchange for what might be expected from other insects studied to date (e.g. Embedded Image, Embedded Image, RWL and cuticular water loss). However, we found for A. fusca that Embedded Image expressed as a function of metabolic rate was significantly higher than the expected consensus relationship for insects, suggesting it is under considerable pressure to save water. Despite this, we found no consistent evidence supporting the conclusion that transitions in pattern type yield reductions in RWL in this mesic cockroach.http://jeb.biologists.org/content/216/20/3844Publisher's versio

Tackling an intractable problem: can greater taxon sampling help resolve relationships within the Stenopelmatoidea (Orthoptera: Ensifera)?

The relationships among and within the families that comprise the orthopteran superfamily Stenopelmatoidea (suborder Ensifera) remain poorly understood. We developed a phylogenetic hypothesis based on Bayesian analysis of two nuclear ribosomal and one mitochondrial gene for 118 individuals (84 de novo and 34 from GenBank). These included Gryllacrididae from North, Central, and South America, South Africa and Madagascar, Australia and Papua New Guinea; Stenopelmatidae from North and Central America and South Africa; Anostostomatidae from North and Central America, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa; members of the Australian endemic Cooloola (three species); and a representative of Lezina from the Middle East. We also included representatives of all other major ensiferan families: Prophalangopsidae, Rhaphidophoridae, Schizodactylidae, Tettigoniidae, Gryllidae, Gryllotalpidae and Myrmecophilidae and representatives of the suborder Caelifera as outgroups. Bayesian analyses of concatenated sequence data supported a clade of Stenopelmatoidea inclusive of all analyzed members of Gryllacrididae, Stenopelmatidae, Anostostomatidae, Lezina and Cooloola. We found Gryllacrididae worldwide to be monophyletic, while we did not recover a monophyletic Stenopelmatidae nor Anostostomatidae. Australian Cooloola clustered in a clade composed of Australian, New Zealand, and some (but not all) North American Anostostomatidae. Lezina was included in a clade of New World Anostostomatidae. Finally, we compiled and compared karyotypes and sound production characteristics for each supported group. Chromosome number, centromere position, drumming, and stridulation differed among some groups, but also show variation within groups. This preliminary trait information may contribute toward future studies of trait evolution. Despite greater taxon sampling within Stenopelmatoidea than previous efforts, some relationships among the families examined continue to remain elusive

Griffiniana duplessisae Naskrecki & Bazelet, 2012, n. sp.

Griffiniana duplessisae n. sp. (Figs. 1 C; 2 E–L; 3 A, I, L; 4 C, D) Type locality. REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA: Western Cape, Cederberg Wilderness Area, nr. Wolfberg Arch (32 ° 27 ' 56.8 ''S, 19 ° 16 ' 20.7 ''E) 17.iii. 2008, coll. P. Naskrecki & P. Grant—male holotype (SAMC) Diagnostic description (male, except where specified). General characteristics as for the genus, diagnostic characters listed below. This species can be distinguished from its congeners by the development of the tegmina, which in both sexes are reduced, about twice as long as pronotum; the non-stridulatory area of the tegmen is about 2 / 3 as long as the mirror (Fig E.) The call of the male consists of a series of long echemes lasting about 3.8 s each, separated by gaps slightly shorter than the echemes (Figs. 4 C, D.) Legs. Front femur armed with 4–6 spines on anterior and 0–1 spines on posterior ventral margin; front tibia with anterior dorsal margin with 4–6, posterior one with 8–9 minute spines. Mid femur unarmed on posterior and 6–7 spines on anterior ventral margin; mid tibia not noticeably thickened in basal part, with 17 small spines on anterior dorsal and 11 on posterior dorsal margin. Hind femur armed with 6–8 spines on anterior and 4 spines on posterior ventral margin (Fig. 2 L.) Wings. Tegmen reduced, 2.2–3.2 times as long as pronotum (Fig. 3); non-stridulatory area of tegmen nearly twice as long as mirror; tegmen distinctly narrowed towards apex; anterior margin rounded. Costal field relatively wide, gradually narrowing towards apex; vein Rs in apical third, without branches; veins Sc and R close together, parallel along their entire length, joint in apical half; mirror large, shape as in Fig. 2 E. Stridulatory file flat, straight, with 84–91 teeth (including minute teeth of anterior end of file), 1.2–1.4 mm long, 0.11 mm wide; hind wing slightly shorter than tegmen (Fig. 2 F.) Abdomen. Cercus cylindrical, straight, narrowing towards apex; with small, subapical, inner tooth; paraprocts weakly sclerotized, with small but distinct apical hook; styli cylindrical, about 3 times as long as wide (Fig. 3 K.) Female subgenital plate broadly trapezoidal, with very shallow apical incision, posterior lobes rounded (Fig. 3 I.) Bioacoustics. Males of G. duplessisae call from terminal branches of small bushes, usually sitting no higher than 20–30 cm above the ground. The call consists of long, repeating echemes (Figs. 4 C, D) lasting 2.6– 5.6 s (3.77 ± 1.11 s, n= 13 at 22 °C), separated by silence slightly shorter than the echemes (2.04– 2.58 s.) Each echeme consists of 24–46 syllables (34.1 ± 7.48, n= 14.) The absolute range of frequencies of the call was not measured due to the limitation of the equipment, but an ultrasonic detector registered acoustic signal up to approximately 50 kHz. Measurements (6 males, 4 females). Body: male 12–15 (13.8 ± 1), female 25.5–29 (27.1 ± 1.4); pronotum: male 2.5–3 (2.7 ±. 3), female 2.5–3.5 (3 ±. 4); tegmen: male 5.5–8 (6.8 ±. 8), female 6–10 (8.1 ± 1.8); hind femur: male 15–18 (16.2 ± 1.2), female 19–19.5 (19.1 ±. 3); ovipositor: 11–13 (11.9 ± 1) mm. Material examined (23 specimens). Republic of South Africa: Western Cape, Cederberg distr., Algeria, Cederberg Wilderness Area, elev. 670–690 m (32 ° 23 'S, 19 ° 5 'E), 2006–2007, coll. M.K. du Plessis— 2 females (paratypes), 3 nymph females (MCZ, SAMC, TMSA); same locality, 6.xii. 2005, coll. M.K. du Plessis— 1 nymph female (MCZ); same locality, 9.i. 2006, coll. M.K. du Plessis— 1 male (paratype) (MCZ); Cederberg Wilderness Area, nr. Wolfberg Arch, elev. 1486 m (32 ° 27 ' 56.8 ''S, 19 ° 16 ' 20.7 ''E), 17.iii. 2008, coll. P. Naskrecki & P. Grant— 1 male (holotype) (SAMC); Jamaka (Farm Grootkloof), elev. 340 m (32 ° 20 ' 11.8 ''S, 19 ° 1 ' 14.7 ''E), 4.v. 2006, coll. L. Spearman & J. LaPolla— 1 male (paratype) (ANSP); same locality, 16–19.iii. 2008, coll. P. Naskrecki & P. Grant— 1 female, 4 males (paratypes) (ANSP, MCZ); Matjiesrivier Nat. Res., nr. Stadsaal caves, (32 ° 31 ' 11.1 ''S, 19 ° 18 ' 56.5 ''E), 4.i. 2011, coll. P. Naskrecki & C. Bazelet— 2 males (paratypes) (MCZ, TMSA); Clanwilliam distr., Matjiesrivier Nat. Res., (32.50016 °'S, 19.33938 °'E), i. 2009, coll. M.K. du Plessis— 1 female, 1 male (paratypes), 1 nymph male (MCZ, SAMC); same locality, xii. 2008, coll. M.K. du Plessis— 2 nymph females (MCZ); same locality, xi. 2008, coll. M.K. du Plessis— 1 nymph female (MCZ). Etymology. This species is named in honor of Rika du Plessis, Cape Nature, for her help in our research on the Orthoptera of the Western Cape. Remarks. G. duplessisae is currently known only from a relatively small area of the Cederberg mountains within the Northwest Fynbos Bioregion (Fynbos Biome.) There it is associated with Olifant Sandstone and Cederberg Sandstone Fynbos vegetation (Fig. 5 A) (Mucina and Rutherford 2006.)Published as part of Naskrecki, Piotr & Bazelet, Corinna S., 2012, A revision of the southern African katydid genus Griffiniana Karny (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae), pp. 47-58 in Zootaxa 3218 on pages 56-57, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20971

Griffiniana longipes Naskrecki 1994, syn. n.

Griffiniana longipes (Naskrecki, 1994) (Figs. 1 B; 2 A, B; 3 H, K; 4 E, F) Naskrecki 1994: 292 >> Ewanella longipes Gorochov 2009: 436 >> Ewanella longipes Gorochov 2009: 437 >> Ewanella breviuscula syn. n. Type locality. REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA: Northern Cape, Helskloof, Richtersveld (28 ° 18 'S, 16 ° 58 '0''E) 23.iii. 1959, coll. G. van Son—male holotype (TMSA) Diagnostic description (male, except where specified). General characteristics as for the genus, diagnostic characters listed below. This species can be distinguished from its congeners by the development of the tegmina, which in both sexes are fully developed and always surpass the apex of the abdomen, but may or may not surpass the hind knees; the non-stridulatory area of the tegmen is more than 3 times as long as the mirror (Fig. 2 A.) The styli are slender, at least 5 times as long as wide (only about 3.5 times as long as wide in other species of the genus) (Fig. 3 K.) The call of the male consists of long echemes, each lasting approximately 15 s, separated by short, 1–2 s gaps (Figs. 4 E, F.) Legs. Front femur armed with 5 spines on anterior and unarmed on posterior ventral margin; front tibia with anterior dorsal margin with 11, posterior one with 12 minute spines. Mid femur unarmed on posterior and 2–5 spines on anterior ventral margin; mid tibia noticeably thickened in proximal 3 / 4, with 14 small spines on anterior dorsal and 12 on posterior dorsal margin. Hind femur armed with 6–8 spines on anterior and 4 spines on posterior ventral margin Wings. Tegmen fully developed, always surpassing apex of abdomen, may or may not surpass hind knees, 4.7– 5.3 times as long as pronotum; non-stridulatory area of tegmen 3.1–3.3 times as long as mirror; tegmen slightly narrowed towards apex; anterior margin weakly sinusoidal. Costal field relatively wide, distinctly narrowed in apical half; vein Rs in apical half, with 2 branches; veins Sc and R close together, parallel along their entire length; mirror large, shape as in Fig. 2 A. Stridulatory file flat, straight, with 37–49 teeth (up to 70 if including minute, poorly sclerotized teeth of anterior end of file), 1.2 mm long, 0.12 mm wide (Fig. 2 B); hind wing slightly shorter than tegmen. Abdomen. Cercus cylindrical, straight, narrowing towards apex; with small, subapical, inner tooth; paraprocts weakly sclerotized, with distinct apical hook; styli cylindrical, about 5 times as long as wide (Fig. 3 K.) Female subgenital plate broadly trapezoidal, with very shallow apical incision, posterior lobes rounded (Fig. 3 H.) Bioacoustics. The call of G. longipes consists of long echemes of diplosyllables, with the echemes (Figs. 4 E, F) lasting 12.7– 18.7 s (14.4 ± 3.18 s, n= 5), separated by short gaps (1–2 s); each echeme consists of 30–69 (52 ± 15.43 s, n= 5) diplosyllables. The absolute range of frequencies of the call was not measured due to the limitation of the equipment, but an ultrasonic detector registered acoustic signal up to approximately 50 kHz. Measurements (2 males, 3 females). Body: male 16, female 14.5–28 (20.3 ± 6.9); pronotum: male 3–3.5 (3.3 ±. 4), female 3–3.5 (3.2 ±. 3); tegmen: male 16–16.5 (16.3 ±. 4), female 19–20.5 (19.8 ±. 8); hind femur: male 17, female 17.5–21.5 (20 ± 2.2); ovipositor: 11–14.5 (12.8 ± 1.8) mm. Material examined (10 specimens). Namibia: Hardap, Maltahohe, (24 ° 49 ' 60 ''S, 16 ° 58 ' 60 ''E), i. 2002, coll. F. Roets— 1 female (USEC); Karas, East of Haib River, (28 ° 28 'S, 18 °0'E), 28.i. 1973, coll. B. Lamoral— 2 females (paratypes) (NMNW); Republic of South Africa: Northern Cape, Grootderm, (28 ° 31 'S, 16 ° 37 '0''E), 10.xii. 1948, coll. G. van Son— 1 female (paratype) (TMSA); Helskloof, Richtersveld, (28 ° 18 'S, 16 ° 58 '0''E), 23.iii. 1959, coll. G. van Son— 1 male (holotype) (TMSA); Richtersveld Nat. P., nr. Hand of God, elev. 361 m (28 ° 9 ' 10.1 ''S, 17 °0' 46.4 ''E), 29.xi. 2009, coll. P. Naskrecki & C. Bazelet— 1 male (MCZ); Richtersveld, 15 m NE Stinkfontein, (28 ° 43 ' 57.41 ''S, 17 ° 21 ' 12.22 ''E), 1.xii. 1962, coll. D. Brown & W. Furst— 1 female (SANC). Remarks. G. l o n g i p e s is the most widely distributed species of the genus Griffiniana, currently known from central Namibia to northwest regions of the Northern Cape of South Africa, along Orange River. In South Africa it occurs in habitats belonging to Desert (Fig. 5 C), Succulent Karoo, and Nama-Karoo Biomes (Mucina and Rutherford 2006.) Ewanella breviuscula Gorochov (2009) is considered here a junior synonym of G. longipes. The description of E. breviuscula was based on an incorrect interpretation of the illustrations of the holotype of G. longipes —the photo of the stridulatory apparatus of the holotype of G. longipes appearing in the online database of the Orthoptera (Eades et al. 2011) shows it tilted, which, when drawn, produces a false impression of its shape. The actual proportions of the mirror of specimens collected at the type locality of G. l o n g i p e s (Richtersveld National Park) (Fig. 2 A) are virtually identical to those drawn by Gorochov (2009, Fig. 5.) Other presumed differences described by Gorochov between the two species (e.g., the shape of the male cercus and subgenital plate) fall well within the variation seen among the specimens collected from a few nearby localities in Richtersveld. Unfortunately, the call of the specimens from the type locality of E. breviuscula is unknown.Published as part of Naskrecki, Piotr & Bazelet, Corinna S., 2012, A revision of the southern African katydid genus Griffiniana Karny (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae), pp. 47-58 in Zootaxa 3218 on pages 57-58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20971

Griffiniana Karny 1910

Griffiniana Karny, 1910 Karny, 1910: 10 >>original description; type species: Griffiniana pedestris Karny, by original monotypy Naskrecki. 1994: 294 >> redescription, placed in Aprosphylini Naskrecki, 1994: 291 >> Ewanella Naskrecki syn. n. Description (male, except where specified) General. Body small (11–16 mm), slender, cylindrical; legs extremely elongate; squamipterous to macropterous (Figs. 1 A–C.) Head. Antennae about 2.5 times longer than body; antennal scapus unarmed. Eyes oval, distinctly protruding; lateral ocelli present, elongate; median ocellus present, oval (Fig. 2 H); fastigium of vertex not reaching apex of antennal sockets, lamelliform, in its apical part about 6 times narrower than scapus (Fig. 3 E.) Fastigium of frons poorly developed, separated from fastigium of vertex by shallow gap; frons vertical, flat. Thorax. Pronotum wider than long when seen from above (Figs. 2 G, 3 A, B, D), its surface smooth, marginal fold of pronotum smooth. Anterior margin of pronotum flat; metazona slightly raised when seen laterally (Figs. 2 I, 3 C); posterior edge of metazona straight when seen dorsally; humeral sinus of pronotum absent, lateral lobe slightly wider than high. Prosternum unarmed, sternum flat. Thoracic auditory spiracle very large, fully exposed, with long hair on inner margin. Legs. Legs extremely long and slender. Front coxa armed with long spine; front femur in cross section round dorsally, grooved ventrally, armed with 0–6 spines on anterior and 0–1 spines on posterior ventral margin; genicular lobes of front femur armed with two small spines on both sides; front tibia with anterior dorsal margin with 4– 11, posterior one with 8–12 minute spines; spines on front tibia short, about half as long as tibia diameter; tympanum bilaterally open, oval, about twice as long as wide. Mid femur with 1–7 spines on anterior and unarmed on posterior ventral margin; genicular lobes of mid femur armed with two small spines on both sides; mid tibia very slightly to noticeably thickened in basal part, with 14–17 small spines on anterior dorsal and 11–12 on posterior dorsal margin. Hind femur extremely elongate, distinctly thickened in basal half (Fig. 2 L), armed with 4–10 spines on anterior and 4–6 spines on posterior ventral margin; genicular lobes of hind femur armed with two small spines on both sides; dorsal spines of hind tibia of equal size on both edges; apex of hind tibia with 1 pair of ventral spurs. Tarsomeres 1 and 2 of all tarsi cylindrical, with poorly developed lateral grooves. Wings. Tegmen fully developed to strongly reduced; non-stridulatory area of tegmen from 3.3 times as long as mirror to shorter than mirror (Figs. 2 A, C, E); tegmen fully exposed, not covered by pronotum; distinctly narrowed towards apex; anterior margin rounded. Left stridulatory area coriaceous, without mirror, costal field well-developed; vein Rs branching out in apical half in macropterous species, closer to apex in species with reduced tegmen; veins Sc and R close together, parallel along their entire length, sometimes joining close to apex of tegmen; mirror large, shape as in Figs. 2 A, C, E. Stridulatory file flat, nearly straight, with 37–91 teeth, teeth on anterior end of file minute and poorly sclerotized. Hind wing fully developed to strongly reduced. Abdomen. Tenth tergite unmodified; epiproct unmodified, small, triangular. Cercus cylindrical, straight, narrowing towards apex; with small, subapical, inner tooth; paraprocts weakly sclerotized, with small but distinct apical hook; sclerotized epiphallus absent. Subgenital plate approximately trapezoidal, distinctly narrowed apically, with rounded apical incision about as deep as wide; styli cylindrical, about 3 times as long as wide, parallel, horizontal (Figs. 3 K–M.) Female subgenital plate broadly trapezoidal, with shallow, broadly angular apical incision, posterior lobes rounded (Figs. 3 G–J.) Ovipositor. Ovipositor slender, as long as 0.56–0.70 of hind femur; slightly curved in apical half, dorsal edge of upper valvula parallel to lower valvula; apex pointed, with minute dentitions on both lower and upper valvulae in apical third (Fig. 2 J.) Egg. Egg elongate; cylindrical in cross-section; straight (Fig. 2 K.) Coloration. Coloration pale brown, with numerous dark brown and red-brown markings; eyes uniformly colored, antennae with indistinct dark annulation; occiput without markings; pronotum with distinct brown markings. Tegmen with indistinct dark brown and light bands, venation light brown; hind wing hyaline. Legs banded, with alternating, wide dark and light brown bands; hind femur with distinct reticulate pattern basally and wide dark brown bands in apical half. Ovipositor uniformly light brown (Figs. 1 A–C.) Diagnostic remarks. The genus Griffiniana can be distinguished from other African Mecopodinae by the lack of processes or tubercles on the prosternum and simple meso- and metasternum, lacking lateral lobes. Within Aprosphylini Griffiniana is unique in its short, wider than long pronotum (pronotum longer than wide when seen from above in other Aprosphylini) (Figs. 2 G, 3 A, B, D) as well as the unique combination of bilaterally open tympana (tympana closed, conchiform in Pseudosaga), lamelliform, very narrow fastigium of vertex (at least 6 times narrower than scapus in Griffiniana, at most about 3 times narrower in other Aprosphylini) (Figs. 3 E–F), large, fully exposed thoracic auditory spiracle (spiracle minute in Zitsikama Peringuey), and the lack of dorsal apical spurs on hind tibia (dorsal spurs developed to various degrees in all Aprosphylini except Aprosphylus.) All species of Griffiniana are fairly uniform in their appearance and differ primarily in the degree of reduction of their wings, and the characteristics of their advertisement calls. It is likely that more species of this genus occur in the xeric habitats of the western part of southern Africa, and we hope that this revision will facilitate their recognition. The monotypic genus Ewanella was described by Naskrecki (1994) and was distinguished from Griffiniana solely on the basis of the degree of the development of wings. The discovery of a species of Griffiniana with an intermediate development of wings, as well as the lack of any other identifiable characters to separate the two genera, have lead us to a decision to consider Ewanella a junior synonym of Griffiniana. Species Wings Male styli Song pedestris Squamiform, tegmina shorter than pro- Unknown Unknown notum, not overlapping on dorsum (in female) capensis Brachypterous, tegmina slightly longer Stout, about 3.6 times Echemes at most 0.6– 1.2 s long, inter- than pronotum longer than wide spersed by gaps of similar length duplessisae Mesopterous, tegmina more than twice Stout, about 3.4 times Echemes at least 3–5 s long, interspersed as long as pronotum but not reaching longer than wide by gaps of similar length apex of abdomen longipes Macropterous, tegmina at least 5 times Slender, at least 5 times Echemes at least 12–18 s long and consistlonger than pronotum, distinctly sur- longer than wide ing of audible diplosyllables, interspersed passing apex of abdomen by short gaps of at most 1–2 sPublished as part of Naskrecki, Piotr & Bazelet, Corinna S., 2012, A revision of the southern African katydid genus Griffiniana Karny (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae), pp. 47-58 in Zootaxa 3218 on pages 48-52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20971

FIGURE 8 in Notes on southern Africa Jerusalem crickets (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae: Sia)

FIGURE 8. Unique mating orientation as seen in USA JCs. Male (top right) and female (bottom left) start out by lying abdomen to abdomen but facing in opposite directions, with the male subsequently biting a tibia of the female's hind leg. He then curls his abdomen between her hind legs until making contact with the female's genitalia. The male's hooks serve to anchor and orient his genitalia in line with the female's genitalia (see Weissman et al. 2008 for more details).Published as part of <i>Weissman, David B. & Bazelet, Corinna S., 2013, Notes on southern Africa Jerusalem crickets (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae: Sia), pp. 49-60 in Zootaxa 3616 (1)</i> on page 57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3616.1.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10097272">http://zenodo.org/record/10097272</a&gt