Heavy metal (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) contents of endemic Salvia halophila plants around Lake Tuz

Heavy metals occur naturally in ecosystems at varying concentrations. However, heavy metal sources that have emerged in present-day mainly due to human influence, i.e. industrial activities, agricultural waste, pesticides, use of fossil fuels and traffic, have included a part of heavy metals in the ecosystem. Lake Tuz, together with the entire lake surroundings, water beds and important steppe areas, was declared Turkey’s Specially Protected Area (SPA) in 2001. Our aim in this investigation was to determine the levels of heavy metals such as Chrome (Cr), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) in endemic Salvia halophila grown in different areas of Lake Tuz. The results of the heavy metal contents analyzed at the plant were compared with the international standard levels of heavy metals. The consequences displayed that differing extents of heavy metals are accumulated in S. halophila. The results obtained differed in accordance with the collection time and localities. When the outcomes are appraised, it is achievable to say that Pb is higher than the standard values. The findings of this investigation are the first reported results for this endemic S. halophila species that grows naturally at Lake Tuz and are important as they are newly discovered results

Determination of the heavy metal contents and the benefit/cost analysis of Hypericum salsugineum in the vicinity of Salt Lake

In this study, Hypericum salsugineum, an endemic halophytic plant growing around Salt Lake, was analyzed to determine the heavy metals (chromium, lead, copper, zinc and nickel) on it and on the soil it grew. The phytoremediation potential of H. salsugineum was evaluated. In addition, the benefit cost (B/C) analysis was performed for its potential use in phytoremediation. The plant and soil samples were collected from Eskil and Cihanbeyli between May and September in 2016. A total of 300 soil and plant samples were analysed for heavy metal content. Statistical and standard benefit/cost analyses were performed for assessment. The capacity of accumulating the aforementioned heavy metals was found to be high in H. salsugineum. It was found that Ni and Pb ratio exceeded optimum values in its habitat, and H. salsugineum accumulated available Ni and Pb. When the plant was evaluated in terms of benefit/cost, B/C ratio was greater than 1 during the useful life of the study. This conclusion increases the ecological and economical values of H. Salsugineum, effecting its potential use in phytoremediation

THE ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF SOME ENDEMIC HALOPHYTE PLANTS AROUND THE SALT LAKE

Tuz Gölü çevresinde yetişen farklı familyalara ait 30 endemik halofit bitkinin tuza uyum mekanizmaları fotosentetik pigmentlerin (klorofil a, klorofil b ve toplam klorofil), inorganik iyonların (Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca+2 ve Mg+2) ve organik bileşiklerin (glukoz, fruktoz, prolin, glisinbetain, kolin-O-sülfat, kolin ve β- alaninbetain) miktarlarındaki değişimler bakımından araştırılmıştır. Takson ve familyalar arasındaki farklılıklar, mevsimsel farklılıklar incelenmiş ve bunların toprağın % su, pH, EC, çözünebilir anyon (HCO3 -, Cl-, SO4 -2) ve katyon (Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2) miktarlarındaki değişimler ile ilişkileri belirlenmiştir. Taksonların toplandığı istasyonların mevsime ve göle olan uzaklığına göre toprak özelliklerinin ve tuz tipinin birbirinden farklı olduğu ve bu özelliklerin bitkiye yansıdığı gözlenmiştir. Çalışılan istasyonlarda ya NaCl, ya Na2SO4 ya da her iki tuz tipinin baskın olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bazı taksonlar yalnızca tek istasyondan toplanmışken diğerleri ise iki ya da üç istasyondan toplanmıştır. Taksonlar arasında inorganik iyon ve organik madde miktarı bakımından farklılıklar olduğu görülmüştür. Taksonlar küme ve faktör analizleriyle ortak özelliklerine göre Na+, Cl- ve glisin betain biriktirenler, glukoz ve fruktoz biriktirenler, β-alaninbetain ve kolin-O-sülfat biriktirenler, K+ biriktirenler ve prolin biriktirenler olarak 5 gruba ayrılmıştır. Chenopodiaceae familyasına ait taksonlarda prolin miktarı en az, glisinbetain, Na+ ve Cl- miktarı ve Na+/K+ oranı çok yüksek bulunmuştur. Yüksek miktarda prolin ve Na+ içeren, aynı zamanda yüksek miktarda K+'a sahip olan Lepidium caespitosum (Brassicaceae)'da Na+/K+ oranı 1'in üstünde ancak Chenopodiaceae üyelerine göre de daha düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. En az miktarda Na+, Cl- ve K+ içeren Hypericum salsugineum (Hypericaceae) ve monokotiledonlarda Na+/K+ oranı 1'in altında olduğu, fruktoz miktarının da diğer taksonlardan daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Kuarterner amonyum bileşiklerinden kolin-O-sülfat ve β- alaninbetain'in yüksek miktarda olduğu taksonların Plumbaginaceae familyasından olduğu belirlenmiştir. Zayıf benzerlikleri ile bazı dikotil taksonların bu gruplardan ayrıldığı görülmüştür. İncelenen özelliklerin mevsimsel değişimleri 13 taksonda değerlendirilmiş; klorofil a/b oranı ile klorofil a, Ca+2 , Mg+2 , glukoz ve fruktoz miktarlarının son çiçeklenme döneminde azaldığı belirlenmiştir. İncelenen özelliklerin tuza tolerans mekanizmasındaki rolleri tartışılmıştır.Salt tolerance mechanisms of 30 endemic halophyte species which belongs to different families that are natives of Salt Lake area were investigated in terms of the changes in amounts of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents), inorganic ions (Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca+2 ve Mg+2) and organic compounds (glucose, fructose, proline, glycinebetaine, choline-Osulphate, choline ve β-alaninebetaine). Differences between taxa, families and seasons were analyzed and their relationships with the changes of the amounts of the water content percentage, pH, EC, soluble anion (HCO3 -, Cl-, SO4 -2) and cation (Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2) of the soil were determined. It has been observed that the stations where the investigated taxa were collected showed differences in soil properties and salt type which were found to be having an effect on plant life in the area, according to their distances to lake and season. It has been determined that either NaCl or Na2SO4 or both of these salt types are dominant at the stations been studied on. Some taxa were collected from only one station, whereas the others were collected from two or three stations. It has been observed that there are differences in inorganic ion and organic osmolyte contents of taxa. Taxa were classified into 5 groups by cluster and factor analyses: Na+, Cl- and glycinebetaine accumulators, glucose and fructose accumulators, choline-O-sulphate and β-alaninebetaine accumulators, K+ accumulators and proline accumulators. Taxa that are members of Chenopodiaceae were found to be having the least proline content, on the other hand very high levels of glycinebetaine, Na+, Cl- and Na+/K+ ratio. Na+/K+ ratio of Lepidium caespitosum (Brassicaceae), which showed a high proline, Na+ and at the same time K+ content, was appeared to be exceeding the value of 1 but lower than that of Chenopodiaceae members. Na+/K+ ratios of Hypericum salsugineum (Hypericaceae) and monocotyledones, which contain the least concentrations of Na+, Cl- and K+ are lower than the value of 1 whereas they have higher fructose content than all other taxa. Taxa that are having high amounts of quarternary ammonium compounds, choline-O-sulphate and β- alaninebetaine, were determined as members of Plumbaginaceae. Some dicotyledone taxa were found to be apart from those groups with their weak similarities. Seasonal changes of the investigated plant parameters were evaluated in 13 taxa and it was determined that their chloropyhll a/b ratio, chloropyhll a, Ca+2 , Mg+2 , glucose and fructose contents were decreased in the last inflorescence period. Roles of those parameters in the salt tolerance mechanisms were discussed

Determination of the heavy metal contents and the benefit/cost analysis of hypericum salsugineum in the vicinity of Salt Lake

In this study, Hypericum salsugineum, an endemic halophytic plant growing around Salt Lake, was analyzed to determine the heavy metals (chromium, lead, copper, zinc and nickel) on it and on the soil it grew. The phytoremediation potential of H. salsugineum was evaluated. In addition, the benefit cost (B/C) analysis was performed for its potential use in phytoremediation. The plant and soil samples were collected from Eskil and Cihanbeyli between May and September in 2016. A total of 300 soil and plant samples were analysed for heavy metal content. Statistical and standard benefit/cost analyses were performed for assessment. The capacity of accumulating the aforementioned heavy metals was found to be high in H. salsugineum. It was found that Ni and Pb ratio exceeded optimum values in its habitat, and H. salsugineum accumulated available Ni and Pb. When the plant was evaluated in terms of benefit/cost, B/C ratio was greater than 1 during the useful life of the study. This conclusion increases the ecological and economical values of H. Salsugineum, effecting its potential use in phytoremediation.Dalam kajian ini, Hypericum salsugineum, sejenis tumbuhan halofit endemik yang tumbuh di sekitar Tasik Garam telah dianalisis untuk menentukan kandungan logam berat (kromium, plumbum, kuprum, zink dan nikel) padanya dan pada tanah tempat ia tumbuh. Potensi fitopemulihan H. salsugineum juga telah dinilai. Selain itu, analisis nisbah faedah/kos (F/K) telah dilakukan untuk potensi kegunaan dalam fitopemulihan. Sampel tumbuhan dan tanah telah dikumpul daripada Eskil dan Cihanbeyli antara Mei dan September 2016. Sejumlah 300 sampel-sampel tanah dan tumbuhan telah dianalisis untuk kandungan logam berat. Analisis statistik dan analisis Piawai Faedah/Kos telah dilakukan sebagai penaksiran. Kapasiti pengumpulan logam berat tersebut telah diperoleh dalam jumlah yang tinggi di dalam H. salsugineum. Nisbah Ni dan Pb didapati telah melebihi nilai optimum dalam habitat dan kandungan yang dikumpul daripada H. salsugineum. Apabila tumbuhan ini dinilai berdasarkan faedah/kos, nisbah (F/K) telah menunjukkan nilai yang lebih besar daripada 1 sepanjang kajian dijalankan. Rumusan ini menambah nilai ekologi dan ekonomi H. salsugineum, yang seterusnya memberi kesan kepada potensinya untuk digunakan dalam fitopemulihan

comparative study with commercial rootstocks to determine the tolerance to heavy metal (Pb) in the drought and salt stress tolerant eggplant breeding lines

Negative effects of heavy metals on plants are peroxidation of lipids in cell membranes, production of free oxygen radicals, disorders in photosynthesis, damages in DNAs and as a result death of the cell. Plant development, productivity and quality of the fruits are decreased in the plants that are exposed to Pb stress which is one of the most toxic heavy metals. Usage of rootstocks which is mainly used against biotic stress conditions also seems to be defined as a solution to abiotic stress conditions such as heavy metal stresses. In eggplant production, wild species and hybrids are used as rootstocks against soil based pathogens and nematode. Reactions of improvement lines derived from local gene resources for rootstock improvement to heavy metal stress which is one of the abiotic stresses were determined. While determining the resistance against Pb stress, commercially used eggplant rootstocks are compared. In this study 4 eggplant cultivars (S. melongena: Burdur Bucak, Mardin Kızıltepe, Artvin Hopa and Kemer) whose resistance potential against salt and drought stresses had been previously revealed and 6 rootstocks of wild eggplant species or hybrids (AGR-703, Doyran, Hawk, Hikyaku, Köksal-F1 and Vista-306) were tested against Pb stress. Eggplant seedlings were applied to 0, 150 and 300 ppm Pb solutions (Pb(NO3)2) during 4-5 true leaf stage. 20 days after the stress application wet and dry weight of green parts and roots, height of the body part and leaf areas were measured. Pb tolerance of Köksal F1 and AGR703 rootstocks were higher than other commercial rootstocks. Mardin Kızıltepe and Burdur Merkez genotypes which have high tolerances against abiotic stress gave lower values with respect to Artvin Hopa and Kemer which are sensitive genotypes and many other rootstocks while comparing the reduction ratios of stress signs such as shoot fresh weight and shoot length according to control under Pb stress