Blockchain and intellectual property: applying a new technology in the management of intangible rights

One of the emerging technologies that is gaining great relevance in recent years and that promises to revolutionize transactions between individuals is blockchain, a technology considered to be the leader of the so-called fourth industrial revolution due to its ability to manage digital assets and facilitate their transfer under a trustworthy decentralized scheme.This article starts from the premise that the Law must keep abreast of and adapt to technological changes in the contemporary world. Specifically, this work addresses blockchain technology and its application in a specific area of Law: Intellectual Property. In that order of ideas, the authors begin by taking a historical journey of blockchain technology, from its origins, to its regulation in various countries of the world. Then, they explain the operation and characteristics of the aforementioned technology to, finally, address its application in the Intellectual Property field and the advantages that blockchain offers to this branch of Law.Una de las nuevas tecnologías que está cobrando gran relevancia en los últimos años y que promete revolucionar las transacciones entre individuos es el blockchain, tecnología considerada como líder de la denominada cuarta revolución industrial por su capacidad de gestionar activos digitales y facilitar su transferencia bajo un esquema descentralizado confiable.El presente artículo parte de la premisa de que el Derecho debe mantenerse al tanto y adaptarse a los cambios tecnológicos del mundo contemporáneo. Específicamente, este trabajo aborda la tecnología blockchain y su aplicación en un área específica del Derecho: la Propiedad Intelectual. En ese orden de ideas, las autoras empiezan realizando un recorrido histórico de la tecnología blockchain, desde sus orígenes, hasta su regulación en varios países del mundo. Luego, explican el funcionamiento y las características de la mencionada tecnología para, finalmente, abordar su aplicación en el campo de la Propiedad Intelectual y las ventajas que ofrece el blockchain en esta rama del Derecho

Effects of post-emergent herbicides on Trichoderma harzianum, a potential biocontrol agent against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soybean cropping

Trichoderma harzianum is a potential biocontrol agent against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soybean. Information is needed on the compatibility of this biocontrol agent and the post-emergent herbicides used in soybean cropping. Haloxyfop R Methyl (EC 10.4%), Glyphosate (SL 48%), Imazamox (WG 70%) and Imazethapyr (SL 10%) were evaluated for their effects on the mycelial growth of T. harzianum on in vitro agar plates. Glyphosate (2000 ppm), Imazethapyr (500 and 250 ppm) and Haloxyfop R Methyl (1000, 500 and 100 ppm) reduced the mycelial growth of T. harzianum. Imazamox had no effect at any concentration. Subsequently, all the herbicides were assessed for their effect on soil populations of T. harzianum. Greenhouse assays conducted with non-sterile soil inoculated with T. harzianum and a specific herbicide were sampled before pesticide application and after 30 days. The number of colony forming units per gram of soil (c.f.u./g of soil) was evaluated with a soil dilution technique using Trichoderma selective medium (TSM). No detrimental effect was revealed.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Effects of post-emergent herbicides on Trichoderma harzianum, a potential biocontrol agent against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soybean cropping

Trichoderma harzianum is a potential biocontrol agent against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soybean. Information is needed on the compatibility of this biocontrol agent and the post-emergent herbicides used in soybean cropping. Haloxyfop R Methyl (EC 10.4%), Glyphosate (SL 48%), Imazamox (WG 70%) and Imazethapyr (SL 10%) were evaluated for their effects on the mycelial growth of T. harzianum on in vitro agar plates. Glyphosate (2000 ppm), Imazethapyr (500 and 250 ppm) and Haloxyfop R Methyl (1000, 500 and 100 ppm) reduced the mycelial growth of T. harzianum. Imazamox had no effect at any concentration. Subsequently, all the herbicides were assessed for their effect on soil populations of T. harzianum. Greenhouse assays conducted with non-sterile soil inoculated with T. harzianum and a specific herbicide were sampled before pesticide application and after 30 days. The number of colony forming units per gram of soil (c.f.u./g of soil) was evaluated with a soil dilution technique using Trichoderma selective medium (TSM). No detrimental effect was revealed.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Single low-dose cyclophosphamide combined with interleukin-12 gene therapy is superior to a metronomic schedule in inducing immunity against colorectal carcinoma in mice

The use of conventional cytotoxic agents at metronomic schedules, alone or in combination with targeted agents or immunotherapy, is being explored as a promising anticancer strategy. We previously reported a potent antitumor effect of a single low-dose cyclophosphamide and interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene therapy against advanced gastrointestinal carcinoma, in mice. Here, we assessed whether the delivery of IL-12 by gene therapy together with metronomic cyclophosphamide exerts antitumor effects in a murine model of colorectal carcinoma. This combination therapy was able, at least in part, to reverse immunosuppression, by decreasing the number of regulatory T cells (Tregs) as well as of splenic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC s). However, metronomic cyclophosphamide plus IL-12 gene therapy failed to increase the number of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes and, more importantly, to induce a specific antitumor immune response. With respect to this, cyclophosphamide at a single low dose displayed a superior anticancer profile than the same drug given at a metronomic schedule. Our results may have important implications in the design of new therapeutic strategies against colorectal carcinoma using cyclophosphamide in combination with immunotherapy.Fil: Malvicini, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Alaniz, Laura Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Bayo Fina, Juan Miguel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: García, Mariana Gabriela. Universidad Austral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Piccioni, Flavia Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Fiore, Esteban Juan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Atorrasagasti, María Catalina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Aquino, Jorge Benjamin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Matar, Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Medicas. Instituto de Genetica Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Mazzolini Rizzo, Guillermo Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral; Argentin

Metaverse and Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs): Challenges and Opportunities from a Trademark Law Perspective

Indexado en ScopusEl rápido desarrollo del metaverso y los componentes que lo integran trae consigo una gran cantidad de desafíos y oportunidades que abarcan un sinfín de aspectos. Sin embargo, existe un campo que posee una especial intersección con la nueva forma de interacción que propone el metaverso. Nos referimos a aquella propiedad que es valiosa tanto física como virtualmente: la propiedad intelectual. Específicamente, dentro del campo de la propiedad intelectual, nos referiremos al rol que juegan las marcas en el metavarso y en los denominados Non-fungibles tokens (NFTs), considerando -particularmente- los desafíos y oportunidades que se presentan ante esta nueva realidad virtual.The rapid development of the metaverse and its constituent components brings with it a host of challenges and opportunities covering a myriad of aspects. However, there is one field that has a special intersection with the new form of interaction proposed by the metaverse. We refer to property that is valuable both physically and virtually: intellectual property. Specifically, within the field of intellectual property, we will refer to the role played by trademarks in the metaverse and in the so-called Non-fungible tokens (NFTs), considering-particularly-the challenges and opportunities presented by this new virtual reality.Revisión por pare

Morphology of the gas-rich debris disk around HD 121617 with SPHERE observations in polarized light

Debris disks are the signposts of collisionally eroding planetesimal circumstellar belts, whose study can put important constraints on the structure of extrasolar planetary systems. The best constraints on the morphology of disks are often obtained from spatially resolved observations in scattered light. Here, we investigate the young (~16 Myr) bright gas-rich debris disk around HD121617. We use new scattered-light observations with VLT/SPHERE to characterize the morphology and the dust properties of this disk. From these properties we can then derive constraints on the physical and dynamical environment of this system, for which significant amounts of gas have been detected. The disk morphology is constrained by linear-polarimetric observations in the J band. Based on our modeling results and archival photometry, we also model the SED to put constraints on the total dust mass and the dust size distribution. We explore different scenarios that could explain these new constraints. We present the first resolved image in scattered light of the debris disk HD121617. We fit the morphology of the disk, finding a semi-major axis of 78.3$\pm$0.2 au, an inclination of 43.1$\pm$0.2{\deg} and a position angle of the major axis with respect to north, of 239.8$\pm$0.3{\deg}, compatible with the previous continuum and CO detection with ALMA. Our analysis shows that the disk has a very sharp inner edge, possibly sculpted by a yet-undetected planet or gas drag. While less sharp, its outer edge is steeper than expected for unperturbed disks, which could also be due to a planet or gas drag, but future observations probing the system farther from the main belt would help explore this further. The SED analysis leads to a dust mass of 0.21$\pm$0.02 M$_{\oplus}$ and a minimum grain size of 0.87$\pm$0.12 $\mu$m, smaller than the blowout size by radiation pressure, which is not unexpected for very bright col...Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures. Accepted in A&A (06/02/2023

An unusually large gaseous transit in a debris disc

We present the detection of an unusually large transient gas absorption in several ionized species in the debris disc star HD 37306 using high-resolution optical spectra. We have been analysing a large sample of debris discs searching for circumstellar gas absorptions aiming to determine the frequency of gas in debris discs. HD 37306 stood out showing remarkably broad absorptions superimposed on to several photospheric Ca II, Fe II, and Ti II lines. The observed absorptions, unlike typical exocometary transits, lasted for at least eight days. Here, we analyse simultaneous spectroscopic and photometric data of the event and evaluate different scenarios that might explain the observed features. We conclude that the most likely scenario might be an exocometary break-up releasing a significant amount of gas close to the star, producing an occulting `ring'/`torus' shape

Effects of post-emergent herbicides on Trichoderma harzianum, a potential biocontrol agent against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soybean cropping

Trichoderma harzianum is a potential biocontrol agent against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soybean. Information is needed on the compatibility of this biocontrol agent and the post-emergent herbicides used in soybean cropping. Haloxyfop R Methyl (EC 10.4%), Glyphosate (SL 48%), Imazamox (WG 70%) and Imazethapyr (SL 10%) were evaluated for their effects on the mycelial growth of T. harzianum on in vitro agar plates. Glyphosate (2000 ppm), Imazethapyr (500 and 250 ppm) and Haloxyfop R Methyl (1000, 500 and 100 ppm) reduced the mycelial growth of T. harzianum. Imazamox had no effect at any concentration. Subsequently, all the herbicides were assessed for their effect on soil populations of T. harzianum. Greenhouse assays conducted with non-sterile soil inoculated with T. harzianum and a specific herbicide were sampled before pesticide application and after 30 days. The number of colony forming units per gram of soil (c.f.u./g of soil) was evaluated with a soil dilution technique using Trichoderma selective medium (TSM). No detrimental effect was revealed.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Acceleration of TAA-Induced liver fibrosis by stress exposure is associated with upregulation of nerve growth factor and glycopattern deviations

Liver fibrosis results from many chronic injuries and may often progress to cirrhosis andhepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In fact, up to 90% of HCC arise in a cirrhotic liver. Conversely,stress is implicated in liver damage, worsening disease outcome. Hence, stress could play a role indisrupting liver homeostasis, a concept that has not been fully explored. Here, in a murine modelof TAA-induced liver fibrosis we identified nerve growth factor (NGF) to be a crucial regulatorof the stress-induced fibrogenesis signaling pathway as it activates its receptor p75 neurotrophinreceptor (p75NTR), increasing liver damage. Additionally, blocking the NGF decreased liver fibrosiswhereas treatment with recombinant NGF accelerated the fibrotic process to a similar extent thanstress challenge. We further show that the fibrogenesis induced by stress is characterized by specificchanges in the hepatoglycocode (increased β1,6GlcNAc-branched complex N-glycans and decreasedcore 1 O-glycans expression) which are also observed in patients with advanced fibrosis compared topatients with a low level of fibrosis. Our study facilitates an understanding of stress-induced liverinjury and identify NGF signaling pathway in early stages of the disease, which contributes to theestablished fibrogenesis.Fil: Atorrasagasti, María Catalina. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional; ArgentinaFil: Piccioni, Flavia Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Borowski, Sophia. Universitat Hamburg; Alemania. Max Delbruk Center For Molecular Medicine In The Helmholtz Association (mdc); Alemania. Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin; AlemaniaFil: Tirado González, Irene. Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Alemania. Max Delbruk Center For Molecular Medicine In The Helmholtz Association (mdc); Alemania. Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy; AlemaniaFil: Freitag, Nancy. Universitat Hamburg; Alemania. Max Delbruk Center For Molecular Medicine In The Helmholtz Association (mdc); Alemania. Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin; AlemaniaFil: Cantero, María José. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional; ArgentinaFil: Bayo Fina, Juan Miguel. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional; ArgentinaFil: Mazzolini Rizzo, Guillermo Daniel. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional; ArgentinaFil: Alaniz, Laura Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Blois, Sandra M.. Universitat Hamburg; AlemaniaFil: García, Mariana Gabriela. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional; Argentin

Stellar Astrophysics and Exoplanet Science with the Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE)

The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE) is a planned 11.25-m aperture facility with a 1.5 square degree field of view that will be fully dedicated to multi-object spectroscopy. A rebirth of the 3.6m Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope on Maunakea, MSE will use 4332 fibers operating at three different resolving powers (R ~ 2500, 6000, 40000) across a wavelength range of 0.36-1.8mum, with dynamical fiber positioning that allows fibers to match the exposure times of individual objects. MSE will enable spectroscopic surveys with unprecedented scale and sensitivity by collecting millions of spectra per year down to limiting magnitudes of g ~ 20-24 mag, with a nominal velocity precision of ~100 m/s in high-resolution mode. This white paper describes science cases for stellar astrophysics and exoplanet science using MSE, including the discovery and atmospheric characterization of exoplanets and substellar objects, stellar physics with star clusters, asteroseismology of solar-like oscillators and opacity-driven pulsators, studies of stellar rotation, activity, and multiplicity, as well as the chemical characterization of AGB and extremely metal-poor stars.Comment: 31 pages, 11 figures; To appear as a chapter for the Detailed Science Case of the Maunakea Spectroscopic Explore