10 research outputs found
Rural-Urban Migration and Its Effects on Infant and Child Mortality in Ghana
This paper examines the socioeconomic characteristics of rural-urban
migrants, child mortality and maternity child health care in Ghana.
Data from the 1988 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey shows that
infant mortality is lower among rural-urban migrants compared to rural
non-migrants. Proportional hazards model estimates reveal that the
survival chances of children of rural-urban migration persist after
controlling for socioeconomic characteristics. However, these
advantages disappear after demographic variables are included in the
model in spite of the proximity and accessibility to medical facilities
enjoyed by the migrants. This finding suggests that socioeconomic and
demographic characteristics of migrants could be an important
determinant of the survival of children of rural-urban migrants.Cet article examine les caract\ue9ristiques socio-\ue9conomiques
des migrants ruraux-urbains, la mortalit\ue9 infantile et les soins
de sant\ue9 infantile dans les maternit\ue9s au Ghana. Les
donn\ue9es de l'Enqu\ueate d\ue9mographique et de Sant\ue9 du
Ghana de 1988 ont montr\ue9 que la mortalit\ue9 infantile est plus
faible parmi les migrants ruraux-urbains que parmi les non-migrants
ruraux. Des estimations du mod\ue8le al\ue9atoire (Proportional
hazards Model) ont montr\ue9 que les chances de survie des enfants
issus de l'immigration rurale-urbaine augmentent si on prend en compte
les caract\ue9ristiques socio-\ue9conomiques. Cependant, quand on
fait intervenir les variables d\ue9mographiques dans ce mod\ue8le,
ces avantages disparaissent malgr\ue9 la proximit\ue9 et
l'accessibilit\ue9 des centres m\ue9dicaux. Ce r\ue9sultat prouve
que les caract\ue9ristiques socio-\ue9conomiques et
d\ue9mographiques des migrants constituent un d\ue9terminant
important de la survie des enfants issus des migrants ruraux-urbains
Rising gasoline prices increase new motorcycle sales and fatalities
Background: We examined whether sales of new motorcycles was a mechanism to explain the relationship between motorcycle fatalities and gasoline prices.
Methods: The data came from the Motorcycle Industry Council, Energy Information Administration and Fatality Analysis Reporting System for 1984–2009. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) regressions estimated the effect of inflation-adjusted gasoline price on motorcycle sales and logistic regressions estimated odds ratios (ORs) between new and old motorcycle fatalities when gasoline prices increase.
Results: New motorcycle sales were positively correlated with gasoline prices (r = 0.78) and new motorcycle fatalities (r = 0.92). ARIMA analysis estimated that a US$1 increase in gasoline prices would result in 295,000 new motorcycle sales and, consequently, 233 new motorcycle fatalities. Compared to crashes on older motorcycle models, those on new motorcycles were more likely to be young riders, occur in the afternoon, in clear weather, with a large engine displacement, and without alcohol involvement. Riders on new motorcycles were more likely to be in fatal crashes relative to older motorcycles (OR 1.14, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.28) when gasoline prices increase.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that, in response to increasing gasoline prices, people tend to purchase new motorcycles, and this is accompanied with significantly increased crash risk. There are several policy mechanisms that can be used to lower the risk of motorcycle crash injuries through the mechanism of gas prices and motorcycle sales such as raising awareness of motorcycling risks, enhancing licensing and testing requirements, limiting motorcycle power-to-weight ratios for inexperienced riders, and developing mandatory training programs for new riders