Cálculo de la radiación solar extraterrestre en función de la latitud y la declinación solar

En este artículo se presentan los conceptos teóricos que explican la radiación solar extraterrestre, su variación geográfica y su ciclo anual. Se describen los procedimientos de cálculo de la radiación extraterrestre, en función de la ubicación geográfica y la fecha del año. Se analizan las diferencias geográficas mediante simulaciones de la variación diaria de altura solar y la radiación solar extraterrestre.Bautista Carrascosa, MI. (2016). Cálculo de la radiación solar extraterrestre en función de la latitud y la declinación solar. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/68296DE

Radiación extraterrestre sobre una superficie inclinada en función de la latitud, la declinación solar y las características de la pendiente

En este artículo se exponen los conceptos teóricos que describen el efecto de la orientación e inclinación de una superficie sobre la radiación incidente en la parte exterior de la atmósfera. Se presentan los procedimientos de cálculo de la radiación extraterrestre incidente sobre superficies inclinadas, en función de la situación geográfica y la fecha. También se compara la variación anual de la radiación incidente sobre una superficie en pendiente respecto a la que incide sobre una superficie horizontal.Bautista Carrascosa, MI. (2016). Radiación extraterrestre sobre una superficie inclinada en función de la latitud, la declinación solar y las características de la pendiente. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/68297DE

Relación entre la consistencia y la humedad del suelo

En este artículo se van a desarrollar los conceptos del estado mecánico del suelo y de la consistencia y su relación con la humedad del suelo. El conocimiento de estas propiedades permitirá al alumno evaluar las condiciones óptimas de humedad para realizar las labores del suelo.Bautista Carrascosa, MI. (2022). Relación entre la consistencia y la humedad del suelo. Universitat Politècnica de València. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/185001DE

Soil moisture increment as a controlling variable of the Birch effect . Interactions with the pre-wetting soil moisture and litter addition

The Birch effect is a pulse in soil C and N mineralization caused by the wetting of dry soils, but the role of the soil moisture increment (Delta SWC) is still poorly understood. We quantified the relationship between Delta SWC and the Birch effect, and its interactions with pre-wetting soil moisture (preSWC) and substrate supply. Two soils (clay loam and sandy loam) under a Pinus halepensis forest were subjected to rewetting in laboratory treatments combining different Delta SWC and preSWC values, with or without additional substrate (5 mg g(-1) P. halepensis needles). Respiration flush (Delta R), changes in microbial biomass C (MBC) and net N mineralization (NMIN) were measured. Overall, we found a relationship with the form: Delta R = a Delta SWC + b, where the slope (a) was significant only when pre-wetting water potential was below a threshold value in the range of -100 to -1,200 kPa. However, the threshold alone does not fully describe the role of preSWC in slope variability. Substrate addition modified the Delta SWC sensitivity of Birch effect, enhancing it in the clay loam and suppressing it in the sandy loam. The intensity of the wetting is a dominant factor regulating Birch effect, and Delta SWC is useful for its quantification.This work was supported by a fellowship from Generalitat Valenciana, Conselleria de Educacion, Formacion y Empleo awarded to L. Lado-Monserrat (BFPI/2008/041). Thanks are due to Antonio del Campo for help in data analyses and to Antonio Lloret for laboratory work. The authors wish to thank Joana Oliver for invaluable laboratory support. The authors also thank two anonymous reviewers and Professor Stephan Glatzel from the University of Rostock, Germany, for the critical review of the manuscript.Lado Monserrat, L.; Lull Noguera, C.; Bautista Carrascosa, MI.; Lidón Cerezuela, AL.; Herrera Fernandez, R. (2014). Soil moisture increment as a controlling variable of the Birch effect . Interactions with the pre-wetting soil moisture and litter addition. Plant and Soil. 379(1-2):21-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2037-5S21343791-2Austin AT, Yahdjian L, Stark JM, Belnap J, Porporato A, Norton U, Ravetta DA, Schaeffer SM (2004) Water pulses and biogeochemical cycles in arid and semiarid ecosystems. Oecologia 141:221–235Berryman E, Marshall JD, Rahn T, Litvak M, Butnor J (2013) Decreased carbon limitation of litter respiration in a mortality-affected piñon-juniper woodland. Biogeosciences 10:1625–1634Birch HF (1958) The effect of soil drying on humus decomposition and nitrogen. Plant soil 10:9–31Borken W, Matzner E (2009) Reappraisal of drying and wetting effects on C and N mineralization and fluxes in soils. Global Change Biol 15:808–824Bottner P (1985) Response of microbial biomass to alternate moist and dry conditions in a soil incubated with C-14-labeled and N-15-labeled plant material. Soil Biol Biochem 17:329–337Butterly CR, Bünemann EK, McNeill AM, Baldock JA, Marschner P (2009) Carbon pulses but not phosphorus pulses are related to decreases in microbial biomass during repeated drying and rewetting of soils. Soil Biol Biochem 41:1406–1416Cable JM, Ogle K, Williams DG, Weltzin JF, Huxman TE (2008) Soil texture drives responses of soil respiration to precipitation pulses in the Sonoran Desert: implications for climate change. Ecosystems 11:961–979Campbell GS (1974) A simple method for determining unsaturated conductivity from moisture retention data. Soil Sci 117:311–314Carbone MS, Still CJ, Ambrose AR, Dawson TE, Williams AP, Boot CM, Schaeffer SM, Schimel JP (2011) Seasonal and episodic moisture controls on plant and microbial contributions to soil respiration. Oecologia 167:265–278Chatterjee A, Jenerette GD (2011) Changes in soil respiration Q10 during drying-rewetting along a semi-arid elevation gradient. Geoderma 163:171–177Chowdhury N, Burns RG, Marschner P (2011a) Recovery of soil respiration after drying. Plant Soil 348:269–279Chowdhury N, Nakatani AS, Setia R, Marschner P (2011b) Microbial activity and community composition in saline and non-saline soils exposed to multiple drying and rewetting events. Plant Soil 348:103–113Cobos D, Campbell C (2007) Correcting temperature sensitivity of ECH2O soil moisture sensors. Application note. Decagon Devices Inc., PullmanDaly E, Palmroth S, Stoy P, Siqueira M, Oishi AC, Juang JY, Oren R, Porporato A, Katul GG (2009) The effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and nitrogen amendments on subsurface CO2 production and concentration dynamics in a maturing pine forest. Biogeochemistry 94:271–287Denef K, Six J, Bossuyt H, Frey SD, Elliott ET, Merckx R, Paustian K (2001) Influence of dry-wet cycles on the interrelationship between aggregate, particulate organic matter, and microbial community dynamics. Soil Biol Biochem 33:1599–1611Fernandez C, Lelong B, Vila B, Mévy JP, Robles C, Greff S, Dupouyet S, Bousquet-Mélou A (2006) Potential allelopathic effect of Pinus halepensis in the secondary succession: an experimental approach. Chemoecology 16:97–105Fierer N, Schimel JP (2002) Effects of drying-rewetting frequency on soil carbon and nitrogen transformations. Soil Biol Biochem 34:777–787Fischer T (2009) Substantial rewetting phenomena on soil respiration can be observed at low water availability. Soil Biol Biochem 41:1577–1579Franzluebbers AJ, Haney RL, Honeycutt CW, Schomberg HH, Hons FM (2000) Flush of carbon dioxide following rewetting of dried soils relates to active organic pools. Soil Sci Soc Am J 64:613–623García-Plé C, Vanrell P, Morey M (1995) Litter fall and decomposition in a Pinus halepensis forest on Mallorca. J Veg Sci 6:17–22GVA (1995) Mapa de Suelos de la Comunidad Valenciana. Chelva (666). Proyecto LUCDEME (Icona), Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación y Conselleria d’Agricultura i Mig Ambient. Generalitat Valenciana. Valencia, Spain. (Original in Spanish).Halverson LJ, Jones TM, Firestone MK (2000) Release of intracellular solutes by four soil bacteria exposed to dilution stress. Soil Sci Soc Am J 64:1630–1637Harrison-Kirk T, Beare MH, Meenken ED, Condron LM (2013) Soil organic matter and texture affect responses to dry/wet cycles: Effects on carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions. Soil Biol Biochem 57:43–55Harris RF (1981) Effect of water potential on microbial growth and activity. In: Parr JF, Gardner WR, Elliott LF (eds) Water potential relations in soil microbiology. Am Soc Agron, Madison, pp 23–95Haynes RJ, Swift RS (1990) Stability of soil aggregates in relation to organic constituents and soil water content. J Soil Sci 41:73–83Jarvis P, Rey A, Petsikos C, Wingate L, Rayment M, Pereira J, Banza J, David J, Miglietta F, Borghetti M, Manca G, Valentini R (2007) Drying and wetting of Mediterranean soils stimulates decomposition and carbon dioxide emission: the “Birch effect”. Tree Physiol 27:929–940Kieft TL, Soroker E, Firestone MK (1987) Microbial biomass response to a rapid increase in water potential when dry soil is wetted. Soil Biol Biochem 19:119–126Kim D, Mu S, Kang S, Lee D (2010) Factors controlling soil CO2 effluxes and the effects of rewetting on effluxes in adjacent deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forests in Korea. Soil Biol Biochem 42:576–585Manzoni S, Schimel JP, Porporato A (2012) Responses of soil microbial communities to water stress: results from a meta-analysis. Ecology 93:930–938McIntyre RES, Adams MA, Ford DJ, Grierson PF (2009) Rewetting and litter addition influence mineralisation and microbial communities in soils from a semi-arid intermittent stream. Soil Biol Biochem 41:92–101Miller AE, Schimel JP, Meixner T, Sickman JO, Melack JM (2005) Episodic rewetting enhances carbon and nitrogen release from chaparral soils. Soil Biol Biochem 37:2195–2204Muhr J, Franke J, Borken W (2010) Drying-rewetting events reduce C and N losses from a Norway spruce forest floor. Soil Biol Biochem 42:1303–1312Navarro-García F, Casermeiro MA, Schimel JP (2012) When structure means conservation: Effect of aggregate structure in controlling microbial responses to rewetting events. Soil Biol Biochem 44:1–8Rey A, Petsikos C, Jarvis PG, Grace J (2005) Effect of temperature and moisture on rates of carbon mineralization in a Mediterranean oak forest soil under controlled and field conditions. Eur J Soil Sci 56:589–599Richards LA (1965) Physical condition of water in soil. In: Black CA, Evans DD, White JL, Ensminger LE, Clark FE (eds) Methods of soil analysis part 1. Agronomy series n°9. American Society of Agronomy, MadisonScanlon BR, Andraski BJ, Bilskie J (2002) Miscellaneous methods for measuring matric or water potential. In: Dane JH, Topp GC (Eds) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 4: Physical Methods. Soil Sci Soc Am, Madison. Wisconsin, pp: 643–670.Schmitt A, Glaser B, Borken W, Martzner E (2010) Organic matter quality of a forest soil subjected to repeated drying and different re-wetting intensities. Eur J Soil Sci 61:243–254Sponseller RA (2007) Precipitation pulses and soil CO2 flux in a Sonoran Desert ecosystem. Global Change Biol 13:426–436Unger S, Máguas C, Pereira JS, David TS, Werner C (2010) The influence of precipitation pulses on soil respiration – Assessing the “Birch effect” by stable carbon isotopes. Soil Biol Biochem 42:1800–1810Vance ED, Brookes PC, Jenkinson DS (1987) Microbial biomass measurements in forest soils: The use of the chloroform fumigation-incubation method in strongly acid soils. 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Global Biogeochem Cyc 18, GB4002. doi: 10.1029/2004GB002281Xu X, Luo X (2012) Effect of wetting intensity on soil GHG fluxes and microbial biomass under a temperate forest floor during dry season. Geoderma 170:118–126Yuste JC, Janssens IA, Ceulemans R (2005) Calibration and validation of an empirical approach to model soil CO2 efflux in a deciduous forest. Biogeochemistry 73:209–23

Are soluble carbohydrates ecologically relevant for salt tolerance in halophytes?

[EN] A general response of plants to high soil salinity relies on the cellular accumulation of osmolytes, which help the plant to maintain osmotic balance under salt stress condition and/or act as osmoprotectants with chaperon or reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities. Yet the ecological relevance of this response for the salt tolerance mechanisms of halophytes in their natural habitats remains largely unknown. In this review, we describe and discuss published data supporting the participation of compatible solutes in those mechanisms, with especial focus on soluble carbohydrates. Evidence for a functional role of carbohydrates in salt tolerance include: (i) relatively high levels of specific sugars and polyols have been detected in many halophytic taxa; (ii) an increase in salt tolerance has often been observed in parallel with increased intracellular levels of particular soluble carbohydrates, in transgenic plants overexpressing the corresponding biosynthetic enzymes; (iii) there are several examples of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism which are induced under salt stress conditions; (iv) specific sugars or polyols have been shown to accumulate in different halophytes upon controlled salt treatments; and (v) although very few field studies on environmentally induced carbohydrate changes in halophytes exist, in general they also support the involvement of this type of osmolytes in salt stress tolerance mechanisms. We also highlight the complexities of unequivocally attributing carbohydrates a biological role in salt tolerance mechanisms of a given tolerant species. It is proposed that research on halophytes in their natural ecosystems should be intensified, correlating seasonal changes in carbohydrate contents with the degree of environmental stress affecting the plants. This could be an important complement to experiments made under more controlled (but artificial) conditions, such as laboratory set-ups.Work in the authors' laboratories was funded by a grant to O.V. from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Project CGL2008-00438/BOS), with contribution by the European Regional Development Fund.Gil Ortiz, R.; Boscaiu Neagu, MT.; Lull Noguera, C.; Bautista Carrascosa, I.; Lidón Cerezuela, AL.; Vicente Meana, Ó. (2013). Are soluble carbohydrates ecologically relevant for salt tolerance in halophytes?. Functional Plant Biology. 40(9):805-818. https://doi.org/10.1071/FP12359S80581840

Influence of Management Practices on Economic and Enviromental Performance of Crops. A Case Study in Spanish Horticulture

This article assesses the effect of management practices on the environmental and economic performance of tigernut production. Tigernut is a horticultural crop grown in a very limited and homogeneous area. Results show that the environmental variability among farms was greater than variability in costs. A selection of practices can reduce impacts per kilogram tigernut by factors 252.5 (abiotic depletion), 33 (aquatic ecotoxicity), or 6 (global warming) and costs by factors of between 2 and 3. The analysis shows a positive relationship between economic and environmental performance. Results highlight how proper management leads to both relatively low environmental impacts and costs.The authors acknowledge the support of the Conselleria d'Empresa, Universitat i Ciencia de la Generalitat Valenciana (GV/2007/211) and the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (PAID05-08-316).Fenollosa Ribera, ML.; Ribal Sanchis, FJ.; Lidón Cerezuela, AL.; Bautista Carrascosa, I.; Juraske, R.; Clemente Polo, G.; Sanjuán Pellicer, MN. (2014). Influence of Management Practices on Economic and Enviromental Performance of Crops. A Case Study in Spanish Horticulture. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems. 38(6):635-659. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2014.896302635659386De Backer, E., Aertsens, J., Vergucht, S., & Steurbaut, W. (2009). Assessing the ecological soundness of organic and conventional agriculture by means of life cycle assessment (LCA). British Food Journal, 111(10), 1028-1061. doi:10.1108/00070700910992916Basset-Mens, C., Anibar, L., Durand, P., & van der Werf, H. M. G. (2006). Spatialised fate factors for nitrate in catchments: Modelling approach and implication for LCA results. Science of The Total Environment, 367(1), 367-382. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.12.026Basset-Mens, C., Kelliher, F. M., Ledgard, S., & Cox, N. (2009). Uncertainty of global warming potential for milk production on a New Zealand farm and implications for decision making. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 14(7), 630-638. doi:10.1007/s11367-009-0108-2Blengini, G. A., & Busto, M. (2009). The life cycle of rice: LCA of alternative agri-food chain management systems in Vercelli (Italy). Journal of Environmental Management, 90(3), 1512-1522. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.10.006Carlsson Reich, M. (2005). Economic assessment of municipal waste management systems—case studies using a combination of life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC). Journal of Cleaner Production, 13(3), 253-263. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.02.015Contreras, W. A., Lidón, A. L., Ginestar, D., & Bru, R. (2009). Compartmental model for nitrogen dynamics in citrus orchards. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 50(5-6), 794-805. doi:10.1016/j.mcm.2009.05.008Prudêncio da Silva, V., van der Werf, H. M. G., Spies, A., & Soares, S. R. (2010). Variability in environmental impacts of Brazilian soybean according to crop production and transport scenarios. Journal of Environmental Management, 91(9), 1831-1839. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.04.001Jan, P., Dux, D., Lips, M., Alig, M., & Dumondel, M. (2012). On the link between economic and environmental performance of Swiss dairy farms of the alpine area. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 17(6), 706-719. doi:10.1007/s11367-012-0405-zJuraske, R., & Sanjuán, N. (2011). Life cycle toxicity assessment of pesticides used in integrated and organic production of oranges in the Comunidad Valenciana, Spain. Chemosphere, 82(7), 956-962. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.081Lidón, A., Ramos, C., & Rodrigo, A. (1999). Comparison of drainage estimation methods in irrigated citrus orchards. Irrigation Science, 19(1), 25-36. doi:10.1007/s002710050068McDevitt, J. E., & Milà i Canals, L. (2011). Can life cycle assessment be used to evaluate plant breeding objectives to improve supply chain sustainability? A worked example using porridge oats from the UK. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 9(4), 484-494. doi:10.1080/14735903.2011.584473Michelsen, J. (2001). Recent Development and Political Acceptance of Organic Farming in Europe. Sociologia Ruralis, 41(1), 3-20. doi:10.1111/1467-9523.00167Meisterling, K., Samaras, C., & Schweizer, V. (2009). Decisions to reduce greenhouse gases from agriculture and product transport: LCA case study of organic and conventional wheat. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17(2), 222-230. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.04.009Mouron, P., Nemecek, T., Scholz, R. W., & Weber, O. (2006). Management influence on environmental impacts in an apple production system on Swiss fruit farms: Combining life cycle assessment with statistical risk assessment. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 114(2-4), 311-322. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2005.11.020Mouron, P., Scholz, R. W., Nemecek, T., & Weber, O. (2006). Life cycle management on Swiss fruit farms: Relating environmental and income indicators for apple-growing. Ecological Economics, 58(3), 561-578. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.08.007Pascual, B., Maroto, J. V., LóPez-Galarza, Sa., Sanbautista, A., & Alagarda, J. (2000). Chufa (Cyperus esculentus L. var. sativus boeck.): An unconventional crop. studies related to applications and cultivation. Economic Botany, 54(4), 439-448. doi:10.1007/bf02866543Ribal, J., Sanjuán, N., Clemente, G., & Fenollosa, M. L. (2011). Medición de la ecoeficiencia en procesos productivos en el sector agrario. Caso de estudio sobre producción de cítricos. Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales, 9(2), 125. doi:10.7201/earn.2009.02.06Rosenbaum, R. K., Bachmann, T. M., Gold, L. S., Huijbregts, M. A. J., Jolliet, O., Juraske, R., … Hauschild, M. Z. (2008). USEtox—the UNEP-SETAC toxicity model: recommended characterisation factors for human toxicity and freshwater ecotoxicity in life cycle impact assessment. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 13(7), 532-546. doi:10.1007/s11367-008-0038-4Sanjuan, N., Ribal, J., Clemente, G., & Fenollosa, M. L. (2011). Measuring and Improving Eco-efficiency Using Data Envelopment Analysis. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 15(4), 614-628. doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00347.xSanjuan, N., Ubeda, L., Clemente, G., Mulet, A., & Girona, F. (2005). LCA of integrated orange production in the Comunidad Valenciana (Spain). International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology, 4(2), 163. doi:10.1504/ijarge.2005.007198Saxton, K. E., Rawls, W. J., Romberger, J. S., & Papendick, R. I. (1986). Estimating Generalized Soil-water Characteristics from Texture1. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 50(4), 1031. doi:10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000040039xThomassen, M. A., Dolman, M. A., van Calker, K. J., & de Boer, I. J. M. (2009). Relating life cycle assessment indicators to gross value added for Dutch dairy farms. Ecological Economics, 68(8-9), 2278-2284. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.02.011Tzilivakis, J., Jaggard, K., Lewis, K. A., May, M., & Warner, D. J. (2005). Environmental impact and economic assessment for UK sugar beet production systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 107(4), 341-358. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2004.12.016Van der Werf, H. M. G., Kanyarushoki, C., & Corson, M. S. (2009). An operational method for the evaluation of resource use and environmental impacts of dairy farms by life cycle assessment. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(11), 3643-3652. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.07.003Van Zeijts, H., Leneman, H., & Wegener Sleeswijk, A. (1999). Fitting fertilisation in LCA: allocation to crops in a cropping plan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 7(1), 69-74. doi:10.1016/s0959-6526(98)00040-7Venkat, K. (2012). Comparison of Twelve Organic and Conventional Farming Systems: A Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Perspective. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 36(6), 620-649. doi:10.1080/10440046.2012.67237

Inclusión de los ODS en la enseñanza-aprendizaje de la Ciencia del Suelo

[EN] Soil management plays a key role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This is due to the fact that soils perform functions and provide essential services for human activities and the sustainability of ecosystems, such as: food production and other biomass production; the storage, filtering and transformation of nutrients, water, and carbon; habitat and biodiversity reserve; platform of human activities and element of the landscape; carbon sequestration. SDGs related to soil are SDG 2 (zero hunger), SDG 6 (clean water and sanitation), SDG 13 (climate action) and SDG 15 (life of terrestrial ecosystems). Universities must play a key role in achieving the SDGs by providing students with knowledge and skills to face environmental challenges from a sustainable development perspective. In the subject of Soil Science, the students were proposed to carry out an activity about the relationship of soil organic matter management with the SDGs. Students learning about soil functions, soil organic matter and their relationships with the SDGs was verified through the answers to various questions in the final exam.[ES] El manejo del suelo juega un papel clave en la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). Esto se debe a que los suelos realizan funciones y prestan servicios esenciales para las actividades humanas y la sostenibilidad de los ecosistemas, como son: producción de alimentos y demás producción de biomasa; el almacenamiento, filtrado y la transformación de nutrientes, agua, y carbono; hábitat y reserva de la biodiversidad; plataforma de actividades humanas y elemento del paisaje; secuestro de carbono. ODS relacionados con el suelo son el ODS 2 (hambre cero), ODS 6 (agua limpia y saneamiento), ODS 13 (acción por el clima) y ODS 15 (vida de ecosistemas terrestres). Las universidades deben jugar un papel primordial en la consecución de los ODS proporcionando conocimiento y habilidades a los estudiantes para afrontar los desafíos medioambientales desde una perspectiva de desarrollo sostenible. En la materia de Edafología (Ciencia del suelo) se propuso a los estudiantes trabajar la relación del manejo de la materia orgánica del suelo con los ODS. El aprendizaje de los estudiantes de las funciones del suelo, la materia orgánica del suelo y su relación con los ODS fue verificado a través de las respuestas a varias preguntas en el examen final.La publicación de este trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiada por el proyecto de innovación educativa (PIME 20-21/224) concedido por el Vicerrectorado de Estudios, Calidad y Acreditación de la Universitat Politècncia de València (UPV).Lull Noguera, C.; Bautista Carrascosa, MI.; Lidón Cerezuela, AL.; Llinares Palacios, JV.; Soriano Soto, MD. (2021). Inclusión de los ODS en la enseñanza-aprendizaje de la Ciencia del Suelo. En IN-RED 2021: VII Congreso de Innovación Edicativa y Docencia en Red. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 1133-1143. https://doi.org/10.4995/INRED2021.2021.13802OCS1133114

Soluble Carbohydrates as Osmolytes in Several Halophytes from a Mediterranean Salt Marsh

[EN] Compartmentalization of toxic ions in the vacuole and accumulation of osmolytes in the cytoplasm is a common response of halophytes to high soil salinity. Soluble carbohydrates, such as sugars and polyols, are some of the compatible solutes used for osmotic adjustment and osmoprotection. Major carbohydrates were identified and quantified by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography, combined with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), in five halophytic species from a Mediterranean salt marsh (Juncus acutus, Juncus maritimus, Plantago crassifolia, kola crithmoides and Sarcocornia fruticosa). Sucrose, followed by glucose and fructose were the more representative sugars detected in J. acutus and J. maritimus, and sorbitol the only soluble carbohydrate present at significant levels in P. fruticosa. In the other two taxa analyzed, no clearly predominant carbohydrates were observed: polyols (myoinositol and glycerol) seemed to be the most representative in I. crithmoides, albeit at relatively low concentrations, and sugars (sucrose and glucose) in S. fruticosa. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to correlate soil properties and meteorological conditions increasing soil salinity, with seasonal changes in carbohydrate contents, to establish their possible function as osmolytes and their contribution to salt tolerance in the investigated species. The obtained results confirmed sorbitol as the major functional osmolyte in P. crassifolia-as it has been described previously for other species of the genus-and suggested the participation of sucrose and, to a lesser extent, glucose and fructose in osmoregulatory mechanisms in J. acutus and J. maritimus.This study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (project CGL2008-00438/BOS), with contribution from the European Regional Development Fund.Gil Ortiz, R.; Lull Noguera, C.; Boscaiu Neagu, MT.; Bautista Carrascosa, I.; Lidón Cerezuela, AL.; Vicente Meana, Ó. (2011). Soluble Carbohydrates as Osmolytes in Several Halophytes from a Mediterranean Salt Marsh. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca. 39(2):9-17. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha3927176S91739

Responses to environmental stress in plants adapted to Mediterranean gypsum habitats

[EN] Gypsum areas are stressful environments inhabited by gypsophytes, plants that are exclusive for such habitats, and by plants that grow on gypsum but also on other soil types, the so-called gypsovags. To investigate possible differences between gypsovags and gypsophytes with respect to basic stress response mechanisms, two common osmolytes, glycine betaine and total soluble sugars, as well as monovalent (Na+ and K+) and bivalent (Ca2+ and Mg2+) cations, were quantified, under field conditions, in two Iberian endemic gypsophytes (Gypsophila struthium subsp. hispanica and Ononis tridentata) and two common Mediterranean gypsovags (Rosmarinus officinalis and Helianthemum syriacum). Their spatial variation according to a topographic gradient and their temporal variation over a period of three successive seasons were correlated with climatic data and soil characteristics. This analysis confirmed that water stress is the main environmental stress factor in gypsum habitats, whereas the percentage of gypsum in the soil does not seem to play any relevant role in the activation of stress responses in plants. Glycine betaine may contribute to stress tolerance in the gypsophytes, but not in the gypsovags, according to the close correlation found between the level of this osmolyte and the gypsophily of the investigated taxa. Cation contents in the plants did not correlate with those present in the soil, but the gypsophytes have higher levels of Ca2+ and Mg2+ than the gypsovags, under all environmental conditions, which may represent an adaptation mechanism to their specific habitat,This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Project CGL2008-00438/BOS), with contribution from the European Regional Development Fund.Llinares Palacios, JV.; Bautista Carrascosa, I.; Donat-Torres, MP.; Lidón, A.; Lull Noguera, C.; Mayoral García-Berlanga, O.; Wankhade, SD.... (2015). Responses to environmental stress in plants adapted to Mediterranean gypsum habitats. Notulae Scientia Biologicae. 7(1):37-44. https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb.7.1.9537S37447

Seasonal variation of Glycine Betaine in Plants from a Littoral Salt-Marsh in SE Spain

Supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (project CGL2008-00438/BOS), with contribution from the European Regional Development Fund.Boscaiu Neagu, MT.; Tifrea, M.; Donat-Torres, MP.; Mayoral García-Berlanga, O.; Llinares Palacios, JV.; Bautista Carrascosa, I.; Lidón Cerezuela, AL.... (2011). Seasonal variation of Glycine Betaine in Plants from a Littoral Salt-Marsh in SE Spain. Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca : Horticulture. 68(1):543-544. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/62931S54354468