Utility Functions of Equivalent Form and the Effect of Parameter Changes on Optimum Decision Making

We derive a class of utility functions that are equivalent with respect to a well-defined functional form. We study the case of constant relative risk aversion (of some order) to investigate on different equivalence relations in order to determine the, possibly infinite, number of equivalence classes when utility functions satisfy a specific form. Then we apply our results to standard applications in economics and finance, for example, to the effect of price volatility on optimum hedging. --equivalence class,risk aversion,sensitivity analysis

Subjects of discussion in radiated emission measurements above 1 GHz

Some emission and susceptibility EMC standards already require measurements above 1 GHz or test site validations (IEC 2006, CISPR 2006). A simple assignment of the established measurement methods below 1 GHz to the frequency range above 1 GHz bears some risks. The ratio between the physical size of the equipment under test (EUT) and the wave-length rises with frequency. This increases the electrical size of the EUT. The directivity may become larger and the radiation pattern of the EUT is getting more complex which reduces the probability to detect the maximum emission with a simple planar cut scan. To analyse these effects in more detail this paper shows radiation characteristics of an exemplary EUT. The influence of a receiving antenna height scan and the angle increment of the turntable scan on the detection of the maximum of the electrical field strength will be discussed. As a result some ideas will be given to reduce the measurement time but keeping the reliability of the measurement results constant

Establishing a link to given radiated emission limits during extending the frequency range above 1 GHz

Up to now most limits for radiated emission are given as values for the electrical field strength. Battermann, 2007 has shown that the frequency range extension for radiated emission measurements above 1 GHz generates a lot of problems while performing the test on a classical test site as depicted in Fig. 1. This paper will give a motivation to use an other measurand namely the total-radiated-power than electrical field strength by using alternative test sites like reverberation chambers, TEM-waveguides, Fully Anechoic Rooms (FAR) etc. Nevertheless most of the existing standards still specify electrical field strength limits. This paper will show how to set the parameters in the given algorithm to establish a link between measured total radiated power and equivalent electrical field values

New Standards for the Validation of EMC Test Sites particularly above 1 GHz

Standards for the validation of alternative test sites with conducting groundplane exist for the frequency range 30-1000 MHz since the end of the eighties. Recently the procedure for fully anechoic rooms (FAR) has been included in CISPR 16 after more than 10 years intensive discussion in standards committees (CENELEC, 2002; CISPR, 2004). But there are no standards available for the validation of alternative test sites above 1 GHz. The responsible working group (WG1) in CISPR/A has drawn up the 7th common draft (CD). A CDV will be published in spring 2005. The German standards committee VDE AK 767.4.1 participates in the drafting of the standard. All suggested measurement procedures proposed in the last CDs have been investigated by measurements and theoretical analysis. This contribution describes the basic ideas and problems of the validation procedure of the test site. Furthermore measurement results and numerical calculations will be presented especially for the use of omni-directional antennas

Radiotherapie dichterbij?

Er dreigt een landelijk overschot aan bestralingsfaciliteiten te ontstaan als naast protonenfaciliteiten en ruimer gebruik van hypofractionering ook alle plannen voor dependances uitgevoerd gaan worden en als de door demissionair minister Klink beoogde marktwerking leidt tot nieuwe centra zoals voorzien in Boxmeer. Naar onze mening is er alleen plaats voor dependances als die de potentie hebben te kunnen uitgroeien tot een zelfstandig centrum met tenminste 4 versnellers. Het is bizar om te moeten vaststellen dat in de Verenigde Staten gekozen is voor een gezondheidszorgsysteem dat veel lijkt op het tot voor kort vigerend systeem in Nederland. Het Amerikaanse systeem van marktwerking in de zorg heeft duidelijk laten zien dat daardoor de kosten alleen maar stijgen, terwijl de kwaliteit van de zorg niet toeneemt. Het is niet te hopen dat, net als in de VS, de urologen in Nederland ‘integrated prostate cancer centers’ inclusief versnellers gaan opzetten. Want, zoals Falit et al schrijven: “The UroRad model is not an isolated problem, but rather a symptom of a systemic illness that plagues US health care. Fee-for-service reimbursement encourages physicians to overuse health care resources regardless of their source of referrals.“ In dit opzicht kan ik het demissionaire kabinet en speciaal minister Klink aanraden het interview met Simons in Nefarma te lezen, waarin hij pleit voor een moratorium, een periode van bezinning. Wij zien dan graag dat na de verkiezingen van morgen een nieuwe regering verdere marktwerking een halt toeroept en radiotherapie laat onder de Wet Bijzondere Medische Verrichtingen

Measured Response of Local, Mid-range and Far-range Discontinuities of Large Metal Groundplanes using Time Domain Techniques

This work describes a method to detect and to quantify any local or mid-range discontinuity on extended flat metal planes. Often these planes are used for antenna calibration (open area test site-OATS) or the plane could be the ground of a semi-anechoic chamber used in Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) testing. The measurement uncertainty of antenna calibration or EMC testing depends on the groundplane's quality, which can be accessed using this method. A vector network analyzer with time-domain option is used to determine the complex-valued input scattering parameter S̄11,F of an aperture antenna in a monostatic setup. S̄11,F contains the information desired about the discontinuities and is measured in the frequency domain with high dynamic range. But only after a linear filtering utilizing the Chirp-Z-Transform the obtained time-domain signal S̄11,T give clear evidence of local and mid-range discontinuities

Regionalwirtschaftliche Effekte veränderter Wassernutzung in Nordost-Niedersachsen

Mit der Wasserrahmenrichtlinie hat die EU einen juristischen Rahmen geschaffen, alle aquatischen Ökosysteme, zu denen auch die Grundwasserkörper gehören, zu schützen. Diese vornehmlich auf den Wasserschutz abzielende Maßnahme zieht neben klaren Vorteilen für den Wasserhaushalt und die -versorger möglicherweise auch Vor- wie Nachteile für landwirtschaftliche Betriebe wie landwirtschaftlich geprägte Regionen nach sich. Mit dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird untersucht, welche regionalen Effekte eine verminderte Beregnung für eine der am stärksten von Trockenheit betroffenen Regionen Nordostniedersachsen besitzen würde. Mit Hilfe des Regionalmodels „POMMARD“ wurden die regionalen Effekte (a) einer Halbierung des verfügbaren Beregnungswassers sowie (b) eines vollständigen Verzichts auf Beregnung projiziert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine Beschränkung der Wasserentnahmeerlaubnisse schwach negative Konsequenzen für die Region besitzt. Der vollständige Verzicht auf Beregnung dagegen hat deutliche Auswirkungen sowohl auf den Agrarsektor als auch auf die regionale Entwicklung. Die Wasserrahmenrichtlinie kann deshalb bei sachgerechter Festlegung der Entnahmemengen für Feldberegnung als eine Möglichkeit gesehen werden, die Wassernutzungseffizienz zu erhöhen und gleichzeitig natürliche Ressourcen zu schonen.Feldberegnung, Input-Output Analyse, Systemdynamiken, Regionale Wirtschaftskreisläufe, Environmental Economics and Policy,

Proteinmodifikation zur Verbesserung pharmakologischer Eigenschaften am Beispiel der PEGylierung der Interferone-[beta] und -[gamma]

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