Barriers and facilitators to uptake of the school-based HPV vaccination programme in an ethnically diverse group of young women.

BACKGROUND: To identify the barriers and facilitators to uptake of the HPV vaccine in an ethnically diverse group of young women in the south west of England. METHODS: Three school-based vaccination sessions were observed. Twenty-three young women aged 12 to 13 years, and six key informants, were interviewed between October 2012 and July 2013. Data were analysed using thematic analysis and the Framework method for data management. RESULTS: The priority given to preventing cervical cancer in this age group influenced whether young women received the HPV vaccine. Access could be affected by differing levels of commitment by school staff, school nurses, parents and young women to ensure parental consent forms were returned. Beliefs and values, particularly relevant to minority ethnic groups, in relation to adolescent sexual activity may affect uptake. Literacy and language difficulties undermine informed consent and may prevent vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: The school-based HPV vaccination programme successfully reaches the majority of young women. However, responsibility for key aspects remain unresolved which can affect delivery and prevent uptake for some groups. A multi-faceted approach, targeting appropriate levels of the socio-ecological model, is required to address procedures for consent and cultural and literacy barriers faced by minority ethnic groups, increase uptake and reduce inequalities

Er-W codoping of TiO2-anatase: structural and electronic characterization and disinfection capability upon UV, visible, and near-IR excitation

The codoping of the anatase structure with tungsten and erbium was carried out using a microemulsion preparation procedure. Tungsten and erbium single doped and pure anatase nanomaterials were also prepared. The corresponding solids were characterized using X-ray diffraction, surface area, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron and absorption (X-ray near-edge and extended X-ray absorption) spectroscopies as well as UV–vis and photoluminescence spectroscopies. Results provided a complete structural and electronic characterization of the solids, showing the unique features generated by the copresence of tungsten and erbium at substitutional positions of the anatase structure. The disinfection capability of these single and codoped TiO2-based materials was tested against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria and under ultraviolet, visible and near infrared light excitations. The ErW-anatase solid presents significant photoactivity in the elimination of both microorganisms in the whole UV–vis-nearIR range of excitation wavelengths. The biocidal results were interpreted with the help of a kinetic modelling of the experiments and correlated with results from the physico-chemical characterization of the samples and from an electron paramagnetic resonance and optical study of the radicals species produced under illumination. This procedure indicates a different physical origin of the photoactivity for light excitation above and below ca. 500 nm

Socioeconomic factors and other sources of variation in the prevalence of genital chlamydia infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: The success of chlamydia screening programmes relies on their ability to effectively target those with greatest need. Young people from disadvantaged backgrounds may be at greater need for chlamydia screening, but existing evidence on the variation of prevalence with social position is inconclusive. We carried out a systematic review to examine variation in chlamydia prevalence in populations and possible sources of this variation. METHODS: Studies were eligible if they reported chlamydia prevalence derived from population-based samples that included young people aged 15–24 years from Europe, North America or Australia. Systematic searches of the following databases were undertaken from their inception to November 2014: MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and PsychINFO. There were no restrictions by language or publication date. Independent screening for eligibility and data extraction were carried out by two reviewers. Where possible, data were pooled in a meta-analysis using a random effects model. Heterogeneity was further investigated using meta-regression techniques. RESULTS: Of 1248 unique titles and abstracts and 263 potentially relevant full texts, 29 studies were eligible for inclusion. There was relatively strong evidence that disadvantaged young people had an increased risk of having a chlamydia infection across multiple measures of disadvantage, including lower educational attainment (OR 1.94, 95 % CI: 1.52 to 2.47), lower occupational class (OR 1.49, 95 % CI: 1.07 to 2.08) and residence in deprived areas (OR 1.76, 95 % CI: 1.15 to 2.71) with an overall OR of 1.66 (95 % CI: 1.37 to 2.02). Socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with chlamydia infection in both men and women. There was weaker evidence that prevalence estimates also varied by gender and age. CONCLUSIONS: This review provides evidence of a consistent association between socioeconomic disadvantage and higher risk of Chlamydia infection. This association may reflect a number of factors including social variation in engagement with Chlamydia control programmes. Chlamydia screening could therefore reduce or increase health inequalities, depending on service provision and uptake by different socioeconomic groups. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2069-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

INTERVENCIÓN EN EL AULA DE INFANTIL PARA UN CASO CON DIFICULTADES EN EL LENGUAJE DESDE UN ENFOQUE INCLUSIVO

El presente trabajo expone una intervención educativa que trabaja Dificultades del Lenguaje en el 3º año del 2º ciclo de Infantil. La misma fue diseñada, en primera instancia, para una niña con alteraciones del Lenguaje y la Comunicación con la finalidad de trabajar con la singularidad de la alumna y prevenir posibles dificultades a la hora de realizar un acercamiento a la Lengua escrita. Más allá de los diagnósticos médicos que irán cambiando a lo largo del año, la alumna presenta dificultades a nivel articulatorio así como a la hora de incorporar ciertas estructuras y fonemas a su lenguaje cotidiano. Es destacable que siempre se había tratado a la niña como un sujeto con hipoacusia, por lo que también se abordará el sentido que dicha construcción tiene para la niña en su subjetividad y las consecuencias que pudieran acarrear abordajes generalistas. Teniendo en cuenta el contexto, el programa fue ejecutado por quien escribe en su posición de maestra de aula pero en coordinación constante y permanente con la especialista de Audición y Lenguaje, con el Psicólogo del colegio y con la Logopeda externa. En relación a la intervención, se ha optado por una intervención preventiva a través de una metodología global que parte de diferentes tipos de textos, enmarcado dentro del enfoque que aportan Ferreiro y Teberosky (1995). De esta forma se quiere instrumentar una práctica realmente inclusiva donde la intervención que, en primer momento está motivada por una niña en concreto, pueda sostenerse dentro de la programación general del curso siendo promotora de innovación y cambios que sean aprovechados por todo el grupo. Las conclusiones giran en torno no sólo a los avances de la niña sino a los efectos de la intervención sobre el grupo y a la posibilidad efectiva de trabajar con la singularidad en grupos de clases

An Alternative Approach to Analyze Ipsative Data. Revisiting Experiential Learning Theory

The ritualistic use of statistical models regardless of the type of data actually available is a common practice across disciplines. Statistical models involve a series of assumptions whose existence is often neglected altogether, thus making the mentioned common practice even more pervasive. This paper illustrates the consequences of this ritualistic practice within Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory (ELT) operationalized through its Learning Style Inventory (KLSI). We show how using a well-known methodology in other disciplines -compositional data analysis (CODA)- KLSI data can be properly analyzed. In addition, a third dimension of the KLSI is unveiled providing room for future research. This third dimension describes an individual’s relative preference for learning by prehension rather than by transformation. Using a sample of European MBA students, we relate this dimension with another self-assessment instrument, the Philosophical Orientation Questionnaire (POQ), and with an observer-assessed instrument, the Emotional and Social Inventory (ESCI-U). Both show plausible statistical relationships. An intellectual operating philosophy is linked to a preference for prehension, whereas a pragmatic operating philosophy is linked to transformation. Self-management and social awareness competencies are linked to a learning preference for transforming knowledge, whereas relationship management and cognitive competencies are more related to approaching learning by prehension

Barriers and facilitators to uptake of the school-based HPV vaccination programme in an ethnically diverse group of young women

BACKGROUND: To identify the barriers and facilitators to uptake of the HPV vaccine in an ethnically diverse group of young women in the south west of England. METHODS: Three school-based vaccination sessions were observed. Twenty-three young women aged 12 to 13 years, and six key informants, were interviewed between October 2012 and July 2013. Data were analysed using thematic analysis and the Framework method for data management. RESULTS: The priority given to preventing cervical cancer in this age group influenced whether young women received the HPV vaccine. Access could be affected by differing levels of commitment by school staff, school nurses, parents and young women to ensure parental consent forms were returned. Beliefs and values, particularly relevant to minority ethnic groups, in relation to adolescent sexual activity may affect uptake. Literacy and language difficulties undermine informed consent and may prevent vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: The school-based HPV vaccination programme successfully reaches the majority of young women. However, responsibility for key aspects remain unresolved which can affect delivery and prevent uptake for some groups. A multi-faceted approach, targeting appropriate levels of the socio-ecological model, is required to address procedures for consent and cultural and literacy barriers faced by minority ethnic groups, increase uptake and reduce inequalities

Cambios histológicos neuronales de la fascia dentada del hipocampo posteriores a isquemia cerebral permanente en Gerbils.

It was made a comparative analytical study with the objective of describing behavior in time of neuronal damage dynamics after a permanent ischaemic trauma in neuron populations from hippocampus Fascia Dentate. There were selected 21 male Mongolia gerbils from 60 to 70 grams. It was planned taking three animals each time, which were anesthetized, and it was tied right intern carotid artery. There was sacrified three of them at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after damage was produced, it was perfunded, and brain was extracted to process afterwards for getting stained histological plate with hematoxilin-eosin. It was made cell count by means of morphoestereologic technique. It was made a conventional division into two zones of Fascia dentate called FD1 and FD2. It was noticed the dynamics of morphological changes in time of neuron damage corresponding to pyknosis, Karyorrexis, and necrolisis as maximal expression of damage in zones of Fascia Dentate FD1 and FD2. In both areas studied, neurons damageless were observed from the beginning of study (2 hours) to 6 hours. Neurons in Karyorrexis presented a dynamic characterized by rough exaltation in numbers beginning from 4 hours and finishing at 48 hours, presence of a maximum top at 12 hours and a rough descention till 48 hours. Neurons in pyknosis presented a dynamic characterized by an increase in numbers appearing at two hours in FD1, and at four hours in FD2 to get a top between 12 and 24 hours, decreasing at 72 hours. Neurons in necrolisis appeared at 12 hours, increasing progressively in time in both areas to reach maximum values at 72 hours from trauma production. It were compared both study areas (FD1 and FD2), by means of statistics significance test, taking as significative a result corresponding to 95% (p < 0.05), that is a significant level of 5%. This way it was described the behavior in the time of ischemic damage prevailing in neuronal populations from the hippocampus Dentate Fascia. Finally we reach conclusions and recommendations in honor of perfectioning this study.Se realizó un estudio de tipo analítico comparativo con el objetivo de describir el comportamiento en el tiempo de la dinámica del daño neuronal posterior a un trauma isquémico permanente en poblaciones de neuronas de la Fascia Dentada del Hipocampo. Se escogieron 21 Gerbils de Mongolia entre 60 y 70 gr., machos. Se planificó la toma de 3 animales en cada tiempo, los cuales se anestesiaron y se les ligó la arteria carótida interna derecha. Se sometieron al sacrificio 3 ejemplares a las 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48 y 72 horas de producido el daño, se prefundió y se extrajo el cerebro para posteriormente procesarlo y obtener láminas histológicas teñidas con Hematoxilina- Eosina. Se realizó conteo celular por medio de la técnica morfoestereológica. Se hizo una división convencional en 2 zonas de la Fascia Dentada nombradas FDI y  FD2. Se observó la dinámica de cambios morfológicos en el tiempo de los daños neuronales correspondientes a picnosis, cariorrexis y necrolisis como expresión máxima de daño en las zonas de la Fascia Dentada FD1 y FD2. En ambos campos estudiados las neuronas aparentemente sin daño se observaron desde el comienzo del estudio (2 horas) hasta las 6 horas. Las neuronas en cariorrexis presentaron una dinámica caracterizada por brusco ascenso en sus cifras que comienza desde las 4 horas y termina a las 48 horas, presencia de un pico máximo a las 12 horas y un brusco descenso hasta las 48 horas. Las neuronas en picnosis presentaron una dinámica caracterizada por incremento de sus cifras que aparecieron a las 2 horas en FD1 y a las 4 horas en FD2 hasta alcanzar un pico entre 12 y 24 horas y disminución a las 72 horas. Las neuronas en necrolisis aparecieron a las 12 horas, aumentaron progresivamente en el tiempo en ambos campos para alcanzar sus valores máximos a las 72 horas de producido el trauma. Se procedió a la comparación de ambos campos de estudio (FD1 y FD2), mediante la aplicación de pruebas de significación estadística, considerándose como significativo un resultado correspondiente al 95% (p<0.05), es decir un nivel significativo del 5%. De esta forma se describió el comportamiento en el tiempo del daño isquémico permanente en poblaciones neuronales de la Fascia Dentada del Hipocampo. Finalmente se brindan las conclusiones y luego se sugieren recomendaciones en aras de perfeccionar el estudio realizado.