Do whole-body vibration exercise and resistance exercise modify concentrations of salivary cortisol and immunoglobulin A?

A single bout of resistance exercise (RE) induces hormonal and immune responses, playing an important role in a long-term adaptive process. Whole-body vibration (WBV) has also been shown to affect hormonal responses. Evidence suggests that combining WBV with RE may amplify hormonal and immune responses due to the increased neuromuscular load. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate salivary cortisol (Scortisol) and salivary IgA (SIgA) concentrations following a RE session combined or not with WBV. Nine university students (22.9 ± 5.1 years, 175.8 ± 5.2 cm, and 69.2 ± 7.3 kg) performed five sets of squat exercise (70% one-repetition-maximum) combined (R+V30) or not (R) with WBV at 30 Hz. Saliva samples were obtained before and after exercise. Subjects also rated their effort according to the Borg CR-10 scale (RPE). Data were analyzed by a mixed model. RPE was higher after R+V30 (8.3 ± 0.7) compared to R (6.2 ± 0.7). However, Scortisol (pre: 10.6 ± 7.6 and 11.7 ± 7.6, post: 8.3 ± 6.3 and 10.2 ± 7.2 ng/mL for R and R+V30, respectively) and SIgA concentrations (pre: 98.3 ± 22.6 and 116.1 ± 51.2, post: 116.6 ± 64.7 and 143.6 ± 80.5 µg/mL for R and R+V30, respectively) were unaffected. No significant correlations were observed between Scortisol and RPE (r = 0.45, P = 0.22; r = 0.30, P = 0.42, for R and R+V30, respectively). On the basis of these data, neither protocol modified salivary cortisol or IgA, although RPE was higher after R+V30 than R

Acute and chronic effects of combined strength and vibration training on neuromuscular performance and excitability of spinal pathways reflexes

Tem sido sugerido que combinar o treinamento de força (TF) com o treinamento com vibração (TV) pode ser mais vantajoso do que realizar o TF isolado. OBJETIVOS: Foi objetivo deste estudo avaliar os efeitos da combinação do TF com o TV (TF+V) sobre o desenvolvimento de hipertrofia e os desempenhos da força máxima dinâmica de membros inferiores (FMD) e do salto vertical (SV). Investigou-se também se os benefícios proporcionados pelo treinamento são acompanhados por alterações agudas e crônicas na excitabilidade das vias reflexas. METÓDOS: Foram realizados dois experimentos. No primeiro, foram avaliados os efeitos de uma sessão de treinamento sobre o desempenho do SV e excitabilidade das vias reflexas. Doze sujeitos do sexo masculino foram submetidos a quatro condições experimentais. Na condição TF, realizaram cinco séries de 10 repetições do exercício agachamento, com 90% da massa corporal. Nas condições TF+V30 e TF+V50, o TF foi realizado sobre a plataforma vibratória nas freqüências de 30 Hz (2-4 mm) e 50 Hz (4-6 mm), respectivamente. Na condição controle (C), os sujeitos permaneceram em repouso. Antes e depois de todas as condições experimentais, foram mensurados o desempenho do SV, e os reflexos de Hoffmann (H com amplitude de 20% da onda M máxima, H20%) e tendíneo máximo (Tmáx), no músculo sóleo. No segundo experimento, 29 sujeitos do sexo masculino foram divididos aleatoriamente nos grupos TF, TF+V30 e TF+V50. Os três grupos realizaram entre 3-5 séries de 6-12 RM do exercício agachamento, duas vezes por semana, durante dez semanas. Os grupos TF+V30 e TF+V50 fizeram o agachamento sobre a plataforma vibratória nas freqüências de 30 Hz (amplitude de 2-4 mm) e 50 Hz (amplitude de 4-6 mm), respectivamente. Antes e depois do período de treinamento, foram avaliados a área de secção transversa do quadríceps femoral (ASTQ), os desempenhos da FMD e do SV, os reflexos H e T máximos (Hmáx e Tmáx) e a onda M máxima (Mmáx), no músculo sóleo. RESULTADOS: No primeiro experimento, não foram verificadas alterações significantes na amplitude de H20% em nenhuma das condições (p>0,05). Houve diminuições significantes na amplitude das ondas Tmáx, nas condições TF (-7,4%) e TF+V50 (-11,1%), no primeiro minuto, em comparação ao período antes da intervenção (p0,05). No segundo experimento, após as dez semanas de treinamento, foram verificados aumentos significantes na ASTQ (TF= 9,8%, TF+V30= 11,7%, TF+V50= 12,9%); na FMD (TF= 16,9%, TF+V30= 15,2%, TF+V50= 16,6%) e na altura do SV (TF= 6,0%, TF+V30= 7,2%, TF+V50= 6,0%) para os três grupos (p0,05). Contudo, foi verificado efeito principal de tempo significante para a razão Tmáx/Mmáx (-48,9%) (p0,05). Significant decrease on Tmáx amplitude was found after ST+V30 (-7.4%) and ST+V50 (-11.1%) conditions, after the first minute, compared to before intervention assessment. VJ decreased in all experimental conditions (C= -11.8%, ST= -6.6%, ST+V30= -7.7% and ST+V50= -7.4%) (p0.05). In the second experiment, significant increases were found in QCSA (ST= 9.8%, ST+V30= 11.7%, ST+V50= 12.9%); MDS (ST= 16.9%, ST+V30= 15.2%, ST+V50= 16.6%) and VJ height (ST= 6.0%, ST+V30= 7.2%, ST+V50= 6.0%) in all groups (p0.05). The training period did not induce significant changes in Hmáx/ Mmáx (ST = +28%, ST+V30 = -16,3%, ST+V50 = -14%) and Tmáx/ Mmáx ratios (ST = -30,3%, ST+V30 = -38,2%, ST+V50 = -28,1%) (p>0.05). However it was found a significant time effect for Tmáx/ Mmáx ratio (-48.9%) (p<0,05).CONCLUSION: A single strength training session induces a brief impairment on muscle spindle activity. This impairment is not greater if ST is combined with vibration. Performing ST on a vibration platform did not additionally increase QCSA, MDS and VJ performance compared with ST alon

The influence of strength training experience on explosive strength potentiation

O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar se o tipo de experiência em treinamento de força influencia na potencialização do salto vertical com contramovimento (SVCM). Vinte e sete sujeitos foram divididos em três grupos: atletas de modalidades exportivas de potência (ATL=10), treinados em força para aumento de massa muscular (TRF=7) e fisicamente ativos (FIS=10). Todos foram submetidos, ou não (controle), a dois protocolos de aquecimento, que eram compostos por uma ou três contrações voluntárias isométricas máximas de cinco segundos de duração (ICVIM 5s ou 3CVIM 5s), no exercício leg-press. A eficiência dos exercícios de força como aquecimento foi testada na altura (AS), taxa média de desenvolvimento de força (TDF média) e pico de força (PF), produzidos no SVCM. Não foram encontradas alterações significantes nestas variáveis, em resposta aos diferentes protocolos de aquecimento, em nenhum dos grupos testados. O resultado foi semelhante analisando o comportamento das variáveis através da média de três saltos (F=0,26; p=0,97) ou através do salto de melhor desempenho (F=0,51; p=0,84). Conclui-se que a potencialização do salto vertical, induzida por exercícios de força, não é um fenômeno dependente do tipo de experiência do sujeito em treinamento de forçaThe aim of this study was to verify if different strngth training experience could modulate vertical jump totentiation. Twenty seven subjects were divided in three groups: track and field athletes (ATL=10), subjects with experience in strength training designed to improve muscle hypertrophy (TRF=7), and physically active subjects (FIS=10). All groups performed two different warm-up rotocols, which were composed, or not (control), by one or three maximum voluntary isometric contractions of five seconds duration (1MVIC 5s or 3MVIC 5s), in the leg-press xercise. Countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) performance was used to assess the effectiveness of the strength exercise to induce potentiation. More specifically, alterations in maximal height, average rate of force development and peak power produced during (CMJ were evaluated. It was not found statistically significant difference in these variables in response to the warm-up protocols (3MVIC, 1MVIC or control). These results were similar when assessed through the mean of three jumps (F=0,26; p=0,97) or through the best jump performance (F=0,51; p=0,84). We conclude that vertical jump totentiation is not dependent of the subject\'s strength training experienc

Efeito da familiarização na estabilização dos valores de 1RM para homens e mulheres Effect of familiarization on the stabilization of 1RM values for men and women

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o número de sessões de familiarização necessárias para estabilização da carga do teste de uma repetição máxima (1RM) no exercício agachamento em homens e mulheres. Oito homens (25 ± 4 anos) e oito mulheres (20 ± 1anos) foram submetidos a cinco sessões experimentais. ANOVA e plotagem de Bland-Altman foram utilizadas para comparar a carga de 1RM entre as sessões (pThe purpose of this study was to determine the number of familiarization sessions for stabilizing the load of one repetition maximum (1RM) tests on the squat exercise in men and women. Eight men (25 ± 4 years) and eight women (20 ± 1 years) underwent five experimental sessions. ANOVA and Bland-Altman plotting were used to compare the 1RM load between the sessions (p<0.05). The stabilization of load occurred at the fourth session for men and at the third session for women, with significantly increased in relative and absolute strength from the first to the fourth (17kg and 19%) and from the first to the third (9kg and 14%) session, respectively. However, relative strength did not differ significantly between genders. According to our results, individuals not experienced with strength training can reach high reliability in the 1RM test in the squat exercise, after performing three or four familiarizations sessions

Influence of strength training background on postactivation potentiation response

Batista, MAB, Roschel, H, Barroso, R, Ugrinowitsch, C, and Tricoli, V. Influence of strength training background on postactivation potentiation response. J Strength Cond Res 25(9): 2496-2502, 2011-The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the subjects` level of maximal dynamic strength and training background on postactivation potentiation (PAP). A group of 23 subjects, composed of power track-and-field athletes (PT = 8), bodybuilders (BB = 7), and physically active subjects (PA = 8), participated in the study. Maximal dynamic strength (1 repetition maximum test) was assessed in the leg press exercise for subjects` characterization. Their countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) performance was assessed before and after 2 different conditioning activity (CA) protocols (1 or 3 maximum voluntary isometric contractions [MVICs] of 5-second duration in the leg press exercise) or after control (no CA), performed on separate days. No significant differences among groups were found for CMJ height or take-off velocity after any of the CA protocols (p <= 0.05). However, individual analysis showed that some subjects increased performance in response to the CA, despite their previous training history. We concluded that subjects` level of maximal dynamic strength and training background have no influence on PAP manifestation. Our data suggest that coaches should individually identify the athletes that are PAP responders before introducing MVICs as part of their warm-up routines.CAPES Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior[133153/2002-9]Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo - FAPESP[2010/51428-2

The effect of the exercises order on number of repetitions and rate of perceived effort in resistance trained men

A ordem dos exercícios refere-se à sequência de execução durante uma sessão de treinamento. Evidências demonstram que essa ordem pode afetar o número de repetições realizadas nos exercícios. A percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE), assim como o número de repetições realizadas, depende da sobrecarga utilizada. Assim, alterações no número de repetições podem afetar a PSE. O volume total de trabalho (VTT) influencia nas adaptações crônicas ao treinamento e também pode ser afetado pela ordem dos exercícios. O objetivo foi verificar o efeito da ordem dos exercícios para membros inferiores no número de repetições realizadas, na PSE e no VTT. Doze homens treinados (19,3 ± 2,1 anos, 71,1 ± 9,8 kg, 172,4 ± 6,1 cm, 23,3 ± 11,5 meses/treino) realizaram duas sessões com os exercícios "leg-press" (L), mesa flexora (F) e cadeira extensora (E) em diferentes ordens (LFE ou EFL). Foram utilizados testes t de "Student" pareados com ajuste de Bonferroni para comparações múltiplas. O número de repetições em L e E diminuiu quando realizados no final da sessão. As repetições realizadas em F diminuíram na LFE. A PSE de E foi maior quando realizada no final da sessão, porém de L e de F não foram afetadas pelas diferentes ordens. O volume de trabalho total de LFE foi maior. Em conclusão, a ordem dos exercícios envolvendo membros inferiores afeta o número de repetições e a PSE de um exercício além do VTT, ressaltando a importância da ordem dos exercícios como uma importante variável na prescrição do treinamento.The order of exercises refers to the sequence during a training bout. Some evidence shows that the number of repetitions may be affected by the order of exercises. Both the number of repetitions and the rate of perceived effort (PSE) are influenced by exercise load. Thus, changes in the number of repetitions may affect PSE. Additionally, total work volume influences long term training adaptations and can be affected by the order of exercises. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of order of lower limb exercises on the number of repetitions, RPE and total work volume. Twelve resistance trained male (19.3 ± 2.1 years, 71.1 ± 9.8 kg, 172.4 ± 6.1 cm, 23.3 ± 11.5 months of training) performed leg-press (L), leg extension (E) and leg curl (F) exercises, in different orders (LFE or EFL). Number of repetitions, PSE and total work volume were compared by paired t-test with Bonferroni adjustment. Number of repetitions on both L and E decreased when they were performed last in the bout. The number of repetitions on F also decreased, when F was preceded by L. PSE for E was greater when performed at the end of the bout. However, PSE after L and F were not affected by the order. Total work volume was greater in LFE. In conclusion, the order of lower limb exercises affects the number of repetitions, PSE and total work performed, supporting the importance of the order of exercises as an important variable in training prescription

O treinamento de força com e sem o uso da plataforma vibratória é capaz de modular a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em repouso? Strength training with and without a vibration platform is capable to modulate heart rate variability?

Esse trabalho comparou a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) de repouso antes e após 10 semanas de treinamento de força de grupos que usaram e não usaram a plataforma vibratória. Dezessete homens saudáveis foram divididos nos grupos treinamento de força convencional (TF) ou treinamento de força sobre a plataforma vibratória a frequência de 30 Hz (TF+V30). As mensurações do desempenho de força dinâmica máxima (1-RM) no exercício meio agachamento e da VFC de repouso foram feitas antes e após o programa de treinamento. Ambos os grupos tiveram aumento significante da força no período pós (de 15,1% no grupo TF e de 16,4% no grupo TF+V30), no entanto esse aumento se alterou na mesma magnitude para os dois grupos, não havendo diferença entre eles no desempenho de 1-RM nos períodos pré e pós-treinamento. Não foi observada diferença nas comparações entre os grupos e nas situações pré e pós-treinamento nas análises da VFC de repouso, no entanto a magnitude do effect size foi moderada (ES = 0,50-0,80) para algumas variáveis (intervalo R-R, desvio-padrão da média de todos os intervalos R-R - SDNN, raiz quadrada da média dos quadrados das diferenças entre os intervalos R-R sucessivos - RMSSD, componente de baixa frequência ajustada por meio de logarítmico - InLF e componente de alta frequência ajustada por meio de logarítmico - InHF) no grupo TF+V30 após o período de treinamento. Conclui-se que 10 semanas de treinamento de força com e sem a presença da vibração proporcionou aumento semelhante no desempenho de 1-RM em ambos os grupos e, embora o estímulo adicional da vibração tenha dado indícios de maior atividade vagal analisado por meio do ES, nenhum dos grupos apresentou alteração significante da VFC.<br>The current research compared resting heart rate variability (VFC) before and after 10 weeks of strength training in groups that used and did not use a vibration platform. Seventeen healthy men were divided into conventional strength training (TF) or strength training using a vibration platform with a frequency of 30 Hz (TF+V30) training groups. One repetition maximum load (1-RM) on half squat exercise and VFC measurements were determined pre- and post-training program. Both groups had improved 1-RM load after the program (15.1% in TF group and 16.4% in TF+V30 group), although this increase was changed in the same extent for the two groups and there was no difference in 1-RM load between groups pre- and post-training program. No significant difference was observed in resting VFC measurements between groups pre and post-training program, however the magnitude of the effect size was moderated (ES = 0.50-0.80) for some variables (R-R interval, standard deviation of all R-R interval - SDNN, RMSSD, log-transformed of low frequency - InLF, and log-transformed of high frequency - InHF) in TF+V30 group. It was concluded that 10 weeks of strength training program with or without the vibration platform provided similar increase in 1-RM load in both groups, and although some evidences in this study indicate that vibration can increase vagal activity analyzed by ES, in neither groups the strength training was able to change VFC significantly

Association between neuromuscular tests and kumite performance on the Brazilian Karate National Team

The aim of this study was to verify the relationship of strength and power with performance on an international level karate team during official kumite simulations. Fourteen male black belt karate athletes were submitted to anthropometric data collection and then performed the following tests on two different days: vertical jump test, bench press and squat maximum dynamic strength (1RM) tests. We also tested power production for both exercises at 30 and 60% 1RM and performed a kumite match simulation. Blood samples were obtained at rest and immediately after the kumite matches to measure blood lactate concentration. Karate players were separated by performance (winners vs. defeated) on the kumite matches. We found no significant differences between winners and defeated for strength, vertical jump height, anthropometric data and blood lactate concentration. Interestingly, winners were more powerful in the bench press and squat exercises at 30% 1RM. Maximum strength was correlated with absolute (30% 1RM r = 0.92; 60% 1RM r = 0.63) and relative power (30% 1RM r = 0.74; 60% 1RM r = 0.11, p > 0.05) for the bench press exercise. We concluded that international level karate players' kumite match performance are influenced by higher levels of upper and lower limbs power production

Bioenergetics and neuromuscular determinants of the time to exhaustion at velocity corresponding to (V) over dotO(2)max in recreational long-distance runners

Bertuzzi, R, Bueno, S, Pasqua, LA, Acquesta, FM, Batista, MB, Roschel, H, Kiss, MAPDM, Serrao, JC, Tricoli, V, and Ugrinowitsch, C. Bioenergetics and neuromuscular determinants of the time to exhaustion at velocity corresponding to (V) over dotO(2)max in recreational long-distance runners. J Strength Cond Res 26(8): 2096-2102, 2012-The purpose of this study was to investigate the main bioenergetics and neuromuscular determinants of the time to exhaustion (T-lim) at the velocity corresponding to maximal oxygen uptake in recreational long-distance runners. Twenty runners performed the following tests on 5 different days: (a) maximal incremental treadmill test, (b) 2 submaximal tests to determine running economy and vertical stiffness, (c) exhaustive test to measured the T-lim, (d) maximum dynamic strength test, and (e) muscle power production test. Aerobic and anaerobic energy contributions during the T-lim test were also estimated. The stepwise multiple regression method selected 3 independent variables to explain T-lim variance. Total energy production explained 84.1% of the shared variance (p = 0.001), whereas peak oxygen uptake ((V) over dotO(2)peak) measured during T-lim and lower limb muscle power ability accounted for the additional 10% of the shared variance (p = 0.014). These data suggest that the total energy production, (V) over dotO(2)peak, and lower limb muscle power ability are the main physiological and neuromuscular determinants of T-lim in recreational long-distance runners.Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) [06-01878-6, 08-50934-1, 2010/13913-6]Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP