Fermented Meat Products: Production and Consumption

I. Introduction II. Current fermentation and drying procedures A. Definitions B. Quantity of Production C. Raw Meat 1.Whole pieces of meat 2.Meat chopped 3.Unusual animal parts D. Inoculum E. Starter cultures or "seed" utilized F. Yeast and Fungi G. Other ingredients 1. Salt 2. Nitrite 3. Sugars 4. Spices 5. Ascorbate 6. Other additives 7. Meat properties 8. Unintentional contaminants H. Processing I. Stuffing J. Fermentation K. Smoking L. Heating 1. Drying/ Ripening 2. Packaging 3. Storage and Marketing M. Metabolism and acidulation N. Sensory 1. Flavour and aroma 2. Taste 3. Proteins 4. Lipids 5. Combination of taste and aroma 6. Volatiles 7. Nonvolatiles 8. Both volatiles and nonvolatiles III. Physical properties A. Texture B. Colour IV. Pathogens V. Compositio

Argentina Perspectives on the United States: the Significance of American Activities and Internal Argentinian Politics

National profile; Argentine exports; Argentine imports; Political and social history; Argentine - U.S. Relations; Perspectives on the U.S.

Equatorial Guinea Perspectives on the United States: the significance of American Missionary Activities and Internal Equatoguinean Politics (Expanded Version)

Equatorial Guinea is a small country in western Central Africa, consisting of three physically separate major territories and a number of tiny islands. The major territories are Rio Muni, which is on the continent sandwiched between Cameroon and Gabon, and the insular territories of Bioko (formally Fernando Po) in the Bight of Biafra and Annobon, which is about 357 kilometers off the coast and just south of the equator. The tiny islands are Corisco, Belobi, Mbane, Conga, Cocotiers, and Elobey, all located off the coast of Rio Muni. Equatorial Guinea is the only Spanish-speaking country in Africa. It gained independence from Spain on 12 October 1968. Since independence, the country's politics has been dominated by the Esangui clan, from the Mongomo district on the mainland. Equatorial Guinea is among Africa's top oil-producing nations and for that reason has become a major commercial partner of the United States. This small country, with just over a half-million people, is currently the fourth-largest recipient of U.S. foreign direct investment in sub-Saharan Africa, surpassed only by the much larger countries of Nigeria, South Africa, and Angola.National profile; Relations with the United States; From Mid 1800 to 1979; Relations during the Presidency of Francisco Macias Nguema; Relations after the Overthrow of the Macias Nguema Regime; Perspectives on the United States; Post-Macias Nguema Era; Popular culture; September 11; Outlook for the Coming Year

Scientific Terminology and Definitions

(print) 342 p.Early food terminolog

Prevalence and factors associated with burnout among frontline primary health care providers in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review [version 3; referees: 2 approved]

Background: Primary health care (PHC) systems require motivated and well-trained frontline providers, but are increasingly challenged by the growing global shortage of health care workers. Burnout, defined as emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low personal achievement, negatively impacts motivation and may further decrease productivity of already limited workforces. The objective of this review was to analyze the prevalence of and factors associated with provider burnout in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: We performed a systematic review of articles on outpatient provider burnout in LMICs published up to 2016 in three electronic databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, and CAB). Articles were reviewed to identify prevalence of factors associated with provider burnout. Results: A total of 6,182 articles were identified, with 20 meeting eligibility criteria. We found heterogeneity in definition and prevalence of burnout. Most studies assessed burnout using the Maslach Burnout Inventory. All three dimensions of burnout were seen across multiple cadres (physicians, nurses, community health workers, midwives, and pharmacists). Frontline nurses in South Africa had the highest prevalence of high emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, while PHC providers in Lebanon had the highest reported prevalence of low personal achievement. Higher provider burnout (for example, among nurses, pharmacists, and rural health workers) was associated with high job stress, high time pressure and workload, and lack of organizational support. Conclusions: Our comprehensive review of published literature showed that provider burnout is prevalent across various health care providers in LMICs. Further studies are required to better measure the causes and consequences of burnout and guide the development of effective interventions to reduce or prevent burnout

Towards universal health coverage in Vietnam: a mixed-method case study of enrolling people with tuberculosis into social health insurance

Background: Vietnam’s primary mechanism of achieving sustainable funding for universal health coverage (UHC) and financial protection has been through its social health insurance (SHI) scheme. Steady progress towards access has been made and by 2020, over 90% of the population were enrolled in SHI. In 2022, as part of a larger transition towards the increased domestic financing of healthcare, tuberculosis (TB) services were integrated into SHI. This change required people with TB to use SHI for treatment at district-level facilities or to pay out of pocket for services. This study was conducted in preparation for this transition. It aimed to understand more about uninsured people with TB, assess the feasibility of enrolling them into SHI, and identify the barriers they faced in this process. Methods: A mixed-method case study was conducted using a convergent parallel design between November 2018 and January 2022 in ten districts of Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Quantitative data were collected through a pilot intervention that aimed to facilitate SHI enrollment for uninsured individuals with TB. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 34 participants, who were purposively sampled for maximum variation. Qualitative data were analyzed through an inductive approach and themes were identified through framework analysis. Quantitative and qualitative data sources were triangulated. Results: We attempted to enroll 115 uninsured people with TB into SHI; 76.5% were able to enroll. On average, it took 34.5 days to obtain a SHI card and it cost USD 66 per household. The themes indicated that a lack of knowledge, high costs for annual premiums, and the household-based registration requirement were barriers to SHI enrollment. Participants indicated that alternative enrolment mechanisms and greater procedural flexibility, particularly for undocumented people, is required to achieve full population coverage with SHI in urban centers. Conclusions: Significant addressable barriers to SHI enrolment for people affected by TB were identified. A quarter of individuals remained unable to enroll after receiving enhanced support due to lack of required documentation. The experience gained during this health financing transition is relevant for other middle-income countries as they address the provision of financial protection for the treatment of infectious diseases