The Methodology For The Creation Of An Administration Model For LowCapacity Public Means Of Transportation Administered By Cooperatives

The proliferation of passengers’ informal means of transportation has become a nationwide problem, independent of the size, socioeconomic characteristics or geographical location of cities. Giving in to strong pressures, most cities that previously had some kind of informal means of transportation, started to regulate and legalize that type of activity, which has been run by individual owners organized into cooperatives. Generally speaking, the informal transportation services have high popular acceptance, however, the competition with bus operating companies and conflicts with governmental authorities make these transportation operators seek higher sustainability to the services they offer. Thus, this study sought a methodology for creating an administrative model, in which the urban transport cooperatives may consolidate themselves, seek larger control and performance on the quality of the services rendered to users, in addition to maintaining a satisfactory economical-financial balance for the cooperated operators and thus, improve their image towards the managing agency.Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies. Faculty of Economics and Business. The University of Sydne

Optical activity of a dilute dielectric medium: Pasteur and the molecular symmetries

Em 1848 Pasteur conjeturou que a rotação do plano de polarização da luz em um meio diluído é gerada pelas propriedades de simetria das moléculas do meio no qual a luz se propaga. O objetivo do nosso artigo é de mostrar que Pasteur estava correto usando conhecimentos de eletromagnetismo e mecânica quântica de um curso de graduação em física. Faremos um breve retrospecto das ideias básicas da teoria eletromagnética necessárias para o estudo da atividade óptica. A seguir, usando a teoria de perturbações em mecânica quântica e levando em conta as simetrias das moléculas calcularemos a atividade óptica do meio. Mostraremos que as previsões teóricas, que estão plenamente de acordo com os resultados experimentais, comprovam a hipótese de Pasteur.Pasteur proposed in 1848 that the rotation of the polarization plane of the light in a dilute medium is generated by the symmetry properties of the molecules of the medium where the light propagates. Our objective is to show that Pasteur hypothesis was correct using the basic knowledge of electromagnetism and quantum mechanics of the undergraduate physics course. We present a brief review of the fundamental concepts of the electromagnetic theory necessary to understand the optical activity. Next, using the quantum mechanical perturbation theory and taking into account the molecular symmetries we calculate the optical activity of the medium. It will be shown that the theoretical predictions, which are in good agreement with the experimental results, give support to the Pasteur conjecture