The TatC component of the twin-arginine protein translocase functions as an obligate oligomer

The Tat protein export system translocates folded proteins across the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane and the plant thylakoid membrane. The Tat system in Escherichia coli is composed of TatA, TatB and TatC proteins. TatB and TatC form an oligomeric, multivalent receptor complex that binds Tat substrates, while multiple protomers of TatA assemble at substrate-bound TatBC receptors to facilitate substrate transport. We have addressed whether oligomerisation of TatC is an absolute requirement for operation of the Tat pathway by screening for dominant negative alleles of tatC that inactivate Tat function in the presence of wild-type tatC. Single substitutions that confer dominant negative TatC activity were localised to the periplasmic cap region. The variant TatC proteins retained the ability to interact with TatB and with a Tat substrate but were unable to support the in vivo assembly of TatA complexes. Blue-native PAGE analysis showed that the variant TatC proteins produced smaller TatBC complexes than the wild-type TatC protein. The substitutions did not alter disulphide crosslinking to neighbouring TatC molecules from positions in the periplasmic cap but abolished a substrate-induced disulphide crosslink in transmembrane helix 5 of TatC. Our findings show that TatC functions as an obligate oligomer.</p

Functional interfaces for the immobilization of membrane proteins : concept, characterization and interactions

Cette thèse est consacrée au développement d'assemblages supramoléculaires, qui miment la nature amphiphile des membranes cellulaires. A cette fin, des bicouches lipidiques supportées (SLB) ont été conçues pour l'insertion de la FhuA (protéine de membrane externe d’E. coli). L'interaction de FhuA présente dans la SLB, avec le pb5 (la protéine du bactériophage T5) a ensuite été étudiée par QCM-D. De plus, des bicouches lipidiques suspendues (tBLM) ont été construites sur des monocouches auto-assemblées (SAM) d'un nouveau thiol d'ancrage. Dans cette étude, la formation de tBLM a été minutieusement étudiée par différentes techniques telles que la QCM-D, l'AFM et l'EIS, afin de déduire le rôle du thiol d’ancrage dans le processus de formation de tBLM. En outre, un amphipol biotinylé (B-PCApol), a été employé pour l’immobilisation des protéines membranaires, par exemple la FhuA et de l'intégrine avß3 (humain) sur des surfaces contenant la streptavidine. Avec leurs assemblages respectifs, la constante de dissociation du complexe FhuA-pb5 a été déterminée, tandis que les interactions de l'intégrine avec vitronectine (son ligand naturel) ont été étudiées par SPR. La dernière partie de cette thèse est dédiée à l'étude d'événements de reconnaissance biomoléculaire entre une lectine (ConA) et des sucres multivalents présentés sur un châssis moléculaire, RAFT.This thesis is dedicated towards the development of supramolecular assemblies, which are capable of mimicking the amphiphilic nature of the cytoplasmic cell membranes. To this effect, Supported Lipid Bilayers (SLB) was designed to incorporate FhuA (an E.coli outer membrane protein). The interaction of FhuA present in the SLB, with pb5 (the bacteriophage T5 protein), was then studied using QCM-D. Further, Tethered Lipid Bilayer Membranes (tBLM) were constructed on Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) of a novel synthetic anchoring thiol. In this study, the tBLM formation was elaborately investigated using a host of techniques such as QCM-D, AFM and EIS, to infer upon the role of the anchoring thiol in the tBLM formation process. Further, a biotinylated Amphipol (B-PCApol) was employed to immobilize membrane proteins such as FhuA and the human αvβ3 integrin on streptavidin containing surfaces. Using their respective assemblies, the dissociation constant of the FhuA-pb5 complex was determined, whereas the interactions of integrin with its ligand vitronectin were studied by SPR. The last part of this thesis, deals with the study of biomolecular recognition events between a lectin (ConA) and multivalent sugars presented on a RAFT scaffold

Interfaces fonctionnelles pour l'immobilisation de protéines membranaires : concept, caractérisation et applications

This thesis is dedicated towards the development of supramolecular assemblies, which are capable of mimicking the amphiphilic nature of the cytoplasmic cell membranes. To this effect, Supported Lipid Bilayers (SLB) was designed to incorporate FhuA (an E.coli outer membrane protein). The interaction of FhuA present in the SLB, with pb5 (the bacteriophage T5 protein), was then studied using QCM-D. Further, Tethered Lipid Bilayer Membranes (tBLM) were constructed on Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) of a novel synthetic anchoring thiol. In this study, the tBLM formation was elaborately investigated using a host of techniques such as QCM-D, AFM and EIS, to infer upon the role of the anchoring thiol in the tBLM formation process. Further, a biotinylated Amphipol (B-PCApol) was employed to immobilize membrane proteins such as FhuA and the human αvβ3 integrin on streptavidin containing surfaces. Using their respective assemblies, the dissociation constant of the FhuA-pb5 complex was determined, whereas the interactions of integrin with its ligand vitronectin were studied by SPR. The last part of this thesis, deals with the study of biomolecular recognition events between a lectin (ConA) and multivalent sugars presented on a RAFT scaffold.Cette thèse est consacrée au développement d'assemblages supramoléculaires, qui miment la nature amphiphile des membranes cellulaires. A cette fin, des bicouches lipidiques supportées (SLB) ont été conçues pour l'insertion de la FhuA (protéine de membrane externe d’E. coli). L'interaction de FhuA présente dans la SLB, avec le pb5 (la protéine du bactériophage T5) a ensuite été étudiée par QCM-D. De plus, des bicouches lipidiques suspendues (tBLM) ont été construites sur des monocouches auto-assemblées (SAM) d'un nouveau thiol d'ancrage. Dans cette étude, la formation de tBLM a été minutieusement étudiée par différentes techniques telles que la QCM-D, l'AFM et l'EIS, afin de déduire le rôle du thiol d’ancrage dans le processus de formation de tBLM. En outre, un amphipol biotinylé (B-PCApol), a été employé pour l’immobilisation des protéines membranaires, par exemple la FhuA et de l'intégrine avß3 (humain) sur des surfaces contenant la streptavidine. Avec leurs assemblages respectifs, la constante de dissociation du complexe FhuA-pb5 a été déterminée, tandis que les interactions de l'intégrine avec vitronectine (son ligand naturel) ont été étudiées par SPR. La dernière partie de cette thèse est dédiée à l'étude d'événements de reconnaissance biomoléculaire entre une lectine (ConA) et des sucres multivalents présentés sur un châssis moléculaire, RAFT

Interfaces fonctionnelles pour l'immobilisation de protéines membranaires (concept, caractérisation et applications)

Cette thèse est consacrée au développement d'assemblages supramoléculaires, qui miment la nature amphiphile des membranes cellulaires. A cette fin, des bicouches lipidiques supportées (SLB) ont été conçues pour l'insertion de la FhuA (protéine de membrane externe d E. coli). L'interaction de FhuA présente dans la SLB, avec le pb5 (la protéine du bactériophage T5) a ensuite été étudiée par QCM-D. De plus, des bicouches lipidiques suspendues (tBLM) ont été construites sur des monocouches auto-assemblées (SAM) d'un nouveau thiol d'ancrage. Dans cette étude, la formation de tBLM a été minutieusement étudiée par différentes techniques telles que la QCM-D, l'AFM et l'EIS, afin de déduire le rôle du thiol d ancrage dans le processus de formation de tBLM. En outre, un amphipol biotinylé (B-PCApol), a été employé pour l immobilisation des protéines membranaires, par exemple la FhuA et de l'intégrine avß3 (humain) sur des surfaces contenant la streptavidine. Avec leurs assemblages respectifs, la constante de dissociation du complexe FhuA-pb5 a été déterminée, tandis que les interactions de l'intégrine avec vitronectine (son ligand naturel) ont été étudiées par SPR. La dernière partie de cette thèse est dédiée à l'étude d'événements de reconnaissance biomoléculaire entre une lectine (ConA) et des sucres multivalents présentés sur un châssis moléculaire, RAFT.This thesis is dedicated towards the development of supramolecular assemblies, which are capable of mimicking the amphiphilic nature of the cytoplasmic cell membranes. To this effect, Supported Lipid Bilayers (SLB) was designed to incorporate FhuA (an E.coli outer membrane protein). The interaction of FhuA present in the SLB, with pb5 (the bacteriophage T5 protein), was then studied using QCM-D. Further, Tethered Lipid Bilayer Membranes (tBLM) were constructed on Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) of a novel synthetic anchoring thiol. In this study, the tBLM formation was elaborately investigated using a host of techniques such as QCM-D, AFM and EIS, to infer upon the role of the anchoring thiol in the tBLM formation process. Further, a biotinylated Amphipol (B-PCApol) was employed to immobilize membrane proteins such as FhuA and the human avb3 integrin on streptavidin containing surfaces. Using their respective assemblies, the dissociation constant of the FhuA-pb5 complex was determined, whereas the interactions of integrin with its ligand vitronectin were studied by SPR. The last part of this thesis, deals with the study of biomolecular recognition events between a lectin (ConA) and multivalent sugars presented on a RAFT scaffold.SAVOIE-SCD - Bib.électronique (730659901) / SudocGRENOBLE1/INP-Bib.électronique (384210012) / SudocGRENOBLE2/3-Bib.électronique (384219901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Two-component hydrogels comprising fatty acids and amines: structure, properties, and application as a template for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles

Stearic acid or eicosanoic acid mixed with di- or oligomeric amines in specific molar ratios form stable gels in water. The formation of such hydrogels depends on the hydrophobicity of the fatty acid, and also on the type of amine used. The gelation properties of these two-component systems were investigated using electron microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and both single-crystal and cast-film X-ray diffraction. Results of FTIR spectral analysis suggest salt formation during gelation. 1H NMR analysis of the gels indicates that the fatty acid chains are immobilized in the gel state and when the gel melts, these chains regain their mobility. Analysis of DSC data indicates that increase in the spacer length in the di-/oligomeric amine lowers the gel-melting temperature. Two of these gelator salts developed into crystals and structural details of such systems could be secured by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The structural information of the salts thus obtained was compared with the XRD data of the self-supporting films of those gels. Such analyses provided pertinent structural insight into the supramolecular interactions that prevail within these gelator assemblies. Analysis of the crystal structure confirmed that multilayered lamellar aggregates exist in the gel and it also showed that the three-dimensional ordering observed in the crystalline phase is retained in only one direction in the gel state. Finally, the hydrogel was used as a medium for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were found to position themselves on the fibers and produced a long, ordered assembly of gel-nanoparticle composite

Fluorescence correlation and lifetime correlation spectroscopy applied to the study of supported lipid bilayer models of the cell membrane

Supported Lipid Bilayers (SLBs) are versatile models capable of mimicking some of the key properties of the cell membrane, including for example lipid fluidity, domain formation and protein support, without the challenging complexity of the real biological system. This is important both from the perspective of understanding the behaviour and role of the lipid membrane in cell structure and signalling, as well as in development of applications of lipid membranes across domains as diverse as sensing and drug delivery. Lipid and protein diffusion within the membrane is vital to its function and there are several key experimental methods used to study membrane dynamics. Amongst the optical methods are Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP), single particle tracking and Fluorescence Correlation (and Fluorescence Lifetime Correlation) Spectroscopy (FCS/FLCS). Each of these methods can provide different and often complementary perspectives on the dynamics of the fluid membrane. Although FCS is well established, FLCS is a relatively new technique and both methods have undergone a number of extensions in recent years which improve their precision and accuracy in studying supported lipid bilayers, most notably z-scan methods. This short review focusses on FCS and FLCS and their recent applications, specifically to artificial lipid bilayer studies addressing key issues of cell membrane behaviour

Two-Component Hydrogels Comprising Fatty Acids and Amines: Structure,Properties, and Application as a Template for the Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles

Stearic acid or eicosanoic acid mixed with di- or oligomeric amines in specific molar ratios form stable gels in water. The formation of such hydrogels depends on the hydro-phobicity of the fatty acid, and also on the type of amine used. The gelation properties of these two-component systems were investigated using electron microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, $^1H$ NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and both single-crystal and cast-film X-ray diffraction. Results of FTIR spectral analysis suggest salt formation during gelation. $^1H$ NMR analysis of the gels indicates that the fatty acid chains are immobilized in the get state and when the gel melts, these chains regain their mobility. Analysis of DSC data indicates that increase in the spacer length in the di-/oligomeric amine lowers the gel-melting temperature. Two of these gelator salts developed into crystals and structural details of such systems could be secured by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The structural information of the salts thus obtained was compared with the XRD data of the self-supporting films of those gels. Such analyses provided pertinent structural insight into the supramolecular interactions that prevail within these gelator assemblies. Analysis of the crystal structure confirmed that multilayered lamellar aggregates exist in the gel and it also showed that the three-dimensional ordering observed in the crystalline phase is retained in only one direction in the gel state. Finally, the hydrogel was used as a medium for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were found to position themselves on the fibers and produced a long, ordered assembly of gel-nanoparticle composite

Structure and properties of two component hydrogels comprising lithocholic acid and organic amines

We demonstrate the aptitude of supramolecular hydrogel formation using simple bile acid such as lithocholic acid in aqueous solution in the presence of various dimeric or oligomeric amines. By variation of the choice of the amines in such mixtures the gelation properties could be modulated. However, the replacement of lithocholic acid (LCA) by cholic acid or deoxycholic acid resulted in no hydrogel formation. FT-IR studies confirm that the carboxylate and ammonium residues of the two components are involved in the salt (ion-pair) formation. This promotes further assembly of the components reinforced by a continuous hydrogen bonded network leading to gelation. Electron microscopy shows the morphology of the internal organization of gels of two component systems which also depends significantly on the amine part. Variation of the amine component from the simple 1,2-ethanediamine (EDA) to oligomeric amines in such gels of lithocholic acid changes the morphology of the assembly from long one-dimensional nanotubes to three-dimensional complex structures. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis with one of the amine-LCA complexes suggested the motif of fiber formation where the amines interact with the carboxylate and hydroxyl moieties through electrostatic forces and hydrogen bonding. From small angle neutron scattering study, it becomes clear that the weak gel from LCA-EDA shows scattering oscillation due to the presence of non-interacting nanotubules while for gels of LCA with oligomeric amines the individual fibers come together to form complex three-dimensional organizations of higher length scale. The rheological properties of this class of two component system provide clear evidence that the flow behavior can be modulated varying the acid-amine ratio

Tethered Bilayer Lipid Membranes on Mixed Self-Assembled Monolayers of a Novel Anchoring Thiol: Impact of the Anchoring Thiol Density on Bilayer Formation

Tethered bilayer lipid membranes (tBLMs) are designed on mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of a novel synthetic anchoring thiol, 2,3-di-o-palmitoylglycerol-1-tetraethylene glycol mercaptopropanoic acid ester (TEG-DP), and a new short dilution thiol molecule, tetraethylene glycol mercaptopropanoic acid ester (TEG). tBLM formation was accomplished by self-directed fusion of small unilamellar vesicles of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. The influence of the dilution of the anchoring thiol molecule in the SAM on the vesicle fusion process and on the properties of the resulting tBLMs is studied. It is observed by quartz crystal microbalance that vesicle fusion is a one-step process for a pure TEG-DP SAM as well as for mixed SAMs containing a high concentration of the anchoring thiol. However, upon dilution of the anchoring thiol to moderate concentrations, this process is decelerated and possibly follows a pathway different from that observed on a pure TEG-DP SAM. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is used to qualitatively correlate the composition of the SAM to the electrical properties of the tBLM. In this paper we also delineate the necessity of a critical concentration of this anchoring TEG-DP thiol as a requisite for inducing the fusion of vesicles to form a tBLM

Cell adhesion through clustered ligand on fluid supported lipid bilayers

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