Poynting Vector Flow in a Circular Circuit

A circuit is considered in the shape of a ring, with a battery of negligible size and a wire of uniform resistance. A linear charge distribution along the wire maintains an electrostatic field and a steady current, which produces a constant magnetic field. Earlier studies of the Poynting vector and the rate of flow of energy considered only idealized geometries in which the Poynting vector was confined to the space within the circuit. But in more realistic cases the Poynting vector is nonzero outside as well as inside the circuit. An expression is obtained for the Poynting vector in terms of products of integrals, which are evaluated numerically to show the energy flow. Limiting expressions are obtained analytically. It is shown that the total power generated by the battery equals the energy flowing into the wire per unit time.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figure

ANNOTATION OF MARKETING STATUTES

A review of AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVE MARKETING LAW WITH DECISIONS, STATUTES AND FORMS. By C. K. Bullar

Extensiveness of business planning and firm survival: an examination into the drivers of success and survival for knowledge intensive start-up firms

A number of studies have found that writing a business plan increases the likelihood of firm survival. For instance, Liao and Gartner (2006) found that firms that completed a business plan were nearly three times more likely to launch their business than those that did not. On the contrary, other studies have found no association between writing a business plan and success. For example, Honig and Karlsson (2004) found evidence that entrepreneurs only write business plans because they are required to do so by investors, educators and advisors. While the evidence is mixed on the effectiveness of business planning, previous research has not examined individual elements of business plans. Thus, it is not clear which aspects (e.g., financial projections v. marketing strategy) of business planning are positively (or negatively) related to performance and survival. Our study addresses two main issues concerning the impact of business planning in firm survival: 1) Are surviving firms different in the extent of their business planning? 2) Which topical areas within business planning are more (or less) predictive of firm survival? To seek answers, we reconceptualize business planning along four dimensions: service/product description, marketing strategy, financial projections and organizational planning

ThermoTRP Channels in Nociceptors: Taking a Lead from Capsaicin Receptor TRPV1

Nociceptors with peripheral and central projections express temperature sensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, also called thermoTRP’s. Chemosensitivity of thermoTRP’s to certain natural compounds eliciting pain or exhibiting thermal properties has proven to be a good tool in characterizing these receptors. Capsaicin, a pungent chemical in hot peppers, has assisted in the cloning of the first thermoTRP, TRPV1. This discovery initiated the search for other receptors encoding the response to a wide range of temperatures encountered by the body. Of these, TRPV1 and TRPV2 encode unique modalities of thermal pain when exposed to noxious heat. The ability of TRPA1 to encode noxious cold is presently being debated. The role of TRPV1 in peripheral inflammatory pain and central sensitization during chronic pain is well known. In addition to endogenous agonists, a wide variety of chemical agonists and antagonists have been discovered to activate and inhibit TRPV1. Efforts are underway to determine conditions under which agonist-mediated desensitization of TRPV1 or inhibition by antagonists can produce analgesia. Also, identification of specific second messenger molecules that regulate phosphorylation of TRPV1 has been the focus of intense research, to exploit a broader approach to pain treatment. The search for a role of TRPV2 in pain remains dormant due to the lack of suitable experimental models. However, progress into TRPA1’s role in pain has received much attention recently. Another thermoTRP, TRPM8, encoding for the cool sensation and also expressed in nociceptors, has recently been shown to reduce pain via a central mechanism, thus opening a novel strategy for achieving analgesia. The role of other thermoTRP’s (TRPV3 and TRPV4) encoding for detection of warm temperatures and expressed in nociceptors cannot be excluded. This review will discuss current knowledge on the role of nociceptor thermoTRPs in pain and therapy and describes the activator and inhibitor molecules known to interact with them and modulate their activity