Design and implementation of a communicating method for WSN

The sensor nodes present in the wireless sensor networks are constrained of energy as they are powered with the help of battery. Deployment of the sensor nodes in the hostile environment makes it unfavorable for the people to change the battery of the senor nodes when it is expired. Due to the energy limitations there is a great need of providing any energy efficient way of communication for the wireless sensor networks. Several techniques of offering communications in a sensor network use the classical layered method that results in great overhead of the network and high energy consumption. It will be very better when a unified technique is present for converting the functions of common protocol to the cross layer method. A cross layer protocol is been implemented in this project to provide congestion control, better routing over the cross layers. This cross layer protocol is designed based on the initiative determination present in cross layer module. This method offers congestion control forwarding based on initiatives contention based on receivers and better communication between the sensor nodes of a wireless sensor network. The implementation of this initiative determination is very easy as it just involves the comparison with the threshold values. Through this cross layer protocol the functions of each layer can be combined very easily .The performance of this cross layer protocol is also identified in this project. Through this cross layer protocol better communications can be provided between the sensor nodes of a wireless sensor networks and also is far better than the classic layered protocols with respect to the energy consumption and network performance

RELIABILITY IMPROVEMENT METHODOLOGY FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS - A CASE STUDY

The objective of every industry is to bring world-class quality products to the market in shortest possible time with least expenses. To meet this objective manufacturer’s always remains non compliant with Reliability requirement of the products due to which field failure rate increases and in turn increases the warranty cost. In this work, an attempt has been made to improve the field reliability for consumer product through a proposed step by step Reliability Improvement Methodology. The proposed methodology includes analysis of field failure data, failure analysis for identifying root cause, experimental investigation to confirm root causes, design modification recommendations and improvement validation through accelerated testing. Further, this analysis helps the manufacturers in warranty extension decision making for the existing products and in the improvement of the next generation product’s performance which directly increases the brand image and profits of an organization

A prospective study to analyse the surgical outcome of posterior acetabular fractures

Background: Fractures of acetabulum are relatively uncommon, but because they involve major weight bearing joint in the lower extremity, they assume great clinical importance. Acetabular fractures are still difficult fractures to manage and are a major challenge to treating orthopaedic surgeon. The present study was aimed to study the surgical outcome of posterior acetabulum fractures and postoperative complications and failures.Methods: A one year prospective study was done after ethical approval. Patients with traumatic injury and posterior acetabular fracture was included and categorized according to the Letournel-Judet classification. Kocher-Langenbeck approach was used for all the cases and clinical follow-up and radiological evaluation was done up to 12 months. Evaluation of different demographic elements with reference to Harris hip score was also carried out. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software.Results: Twenty cases with mean age 42.6 years and males 65% were included. Road traffic accident was cause in 65% of cases.50% of the cases had good, 20% excellent, 25% fair and 5% poor outcome in our study by Harris Hip scoring. Two cases of superficial infection, one deep infection, iatrogenic sciatic nerve injury in one, heterotopic ossification in one and one case of intra-articular screw penetration was observed.Conclusions: Operative treatment of displaced acetabular fractures gives satisfactory functional results. Thorough evaluation of radiograph/ CT scan and a proper pre-operative planning is necessary for decision making regarding an appropriate surgical approach, the appropriate type of implant and fixation

Performance Evaluation of EM and K-Means Clustering Algorithms in Data Mining System

In the Emerging field of Data Mining System there are different techniques namely Clustering, Prediction, Classification, and Association etc. Clustering technique performs by dividing the particular data set into associated groups such that every group does not have anything in common.Clustering algorithms have emerged as an alternative powerful meta-learning tool to accurately analyze the massive volume of data generated by modern applications. Actually the main goal is to classify data into clusters such that objects are clustered in the same cluster when they are related according to particular metrics. Classification is the organization of data sets into some predefined sets using various mathematical models. This research discusses the comparison of algorithms K-Means and Expectation-Maximization in clustering. Empirically, we focused on wide experiments where wecompared the best typical algorithm from each of the categories using a large number of real or bigdata sets. The effectiveness of the Expectation-Maximization clustering algorithm is measured through a number of internaland external validity metrics, stability, runtime and scalability tests

Real time video watermarking scheme based on HVS and DWT

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On Reverse Super Vertex-Magic Labeling

For a graph G(V, E) an injective mapping f from to the set is a reverse vertex-magic labeling if there is a constant h so that for every vertex where the difference runs over all vertices u adjacent to v . A vertex-magic labeling f is called super vertex-magic labeling if and . A graph G is called a reverse super vertex-magic if there exists a reverse super vertex-magic labeling of G. In this paper, we established some properties of reverse super vertex magic trees and exhibit reverse super vertex-magic labeling of a kite graph.

Correlation Coefficient Measure of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Graphs with Application in Money Investing Schemes

Intuitionistic fuzzy graphs are extensions of fuzzy graphs that preserve the dualism characteristics of fuzzy graphs and have a stronger capacity to describe ambiguity in actual decision-making issues than fuzzy graphs. In this research paper, the Laplacian energy and correlation coefficient of intuitionistic fuzzy graphs are computed for finding group decision-making problems that are supported by intuitionistic fuzzy preference relations. We propose a novel method for calculating establishments' comparative position loads by manipulating the undecided corroboration of IFPR and the correlation coefficient of one personality IFPR to the other items. As a result, we comprehend a large number of establishments in the detailed IFPR and devise a correlation coefficient process to investigate the significance of alternatives and the best of the alternatives. Finally, we present a collaborative decision-making technique in a money-investing scheme, and that idea may be devised in disparate beneficial investing schemes

Formulation And Evaluation of Nimodipine Sublingual Tablets

Difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) is a common problem of all age groups, especially the elderly and pediatrics, because of physiological changes associated with these groups. Other categories that experience problems using conventional oral dosage forms include are the mentally ill, uncooperative and nauseated patients, those with condition of motion sickness, sudden episodes of allergic attack or coughing. Sometimes it may be difficult to swallow conventional products due to unavailability of water. These problems led to the development of a novel type of solid dosage form called sublingual tablets, which disintegrate and dissolve rapidly in saliva without the need of drinking water. They are also known as fast dissolving tablets, melt-in-mouth tablets, rapimelts, porous tablets, orodispersible tablets, quick dissolving tablets or rapidly disintegrating tablets. Upon ingestion, the saliva serves to rapidly dissolve the dosage form. The saliva containing the dissolved or dispersed medicament is then swallowed and the drug is absorbed in the normal way. Some drugs are absorbed from the mouth, pharynx, and oesophagus as the saliva passes down into the stomach. In these cases, the bioavailability of drugs is significantly greater than those observed from conventional dosage forms.AIM:In the present work an attempt will be made to formulate nimodipine sublingual tablets, using different superdisintegrants for treatment of hypertension, the fast dissolving tablet provides a rapid onset of action.OBJECTIVE:1. To design the formula for sublingual tablet. 2. To selected model drug and develop formula and prepare tablets. 3. To evaluate the formulated tablets. 4. To study the in-vitro dissolution profile of prepared tablets. 5. To carry out stability studies of the selected formulations.SUMMARY:The aim of the present study was to develop and optimize oral sublingual tablets of model drug (NMD) to give quick onset of action by rapidly disintegrating in a few seconds without the need of water with better patient compliance. In such cases, bioavailability of drug is significantly greater and adverse event is reduced than those observed from conventional tablet dosage formTHE WORK DONE IS SUMMARIZED AS FOLLOWS:By performing compatibility studies by IR spectrophotometry, no interaction was confirmed. Oral disintegrating tablets were formulated by direct compression method and suitable analytical method based on UV-Visible spectrophotometer was developed for the model drug Standard calibration curve prepared to determine the drug content in the prepared tablets and UV analysis was performed to determine the drug during in vitro release studies. Prior to compression, the blend of drug and excipients were evaluated for flow properties such as Angle of repose, loose bulk density, Tapped density, % Compressibility, and Hausner’s ratio. All the formulations showed good flow properties. Sublingual tablets were prepared by direct compression technique using CADMACH 16 station tablet punching machine, equipped with flat round punch of 8.7 mm diameter. Post compression evaluation of prepared sublingual tablets were carried out with the help of different pharmacopoeial and non pharmacopoeial (industry specified) tests. The shape and colour of all the formulations were found to be circular and white in colour. The thickness was found to be uniform in specific formulations. The hardness and friability are also within the permitted limits.CONCLUSION:Sublingual tablets of nimodipine can be successfully prepared by direct compression method using selected superdisintegrants with Crosspovidone 1.5%, 3%, 6%, Crosscarmellose 1.5%, 3%, 6% and Sodium starch glycolate 1.5%, 3%, 6%, for the better patient compliance and effective therapy the relative efficiency of these superdisintegrant to improve the disintegration and dissolution rate of tablets were found in order The disintegration of F1, F2, F3 with 1.5%, 3%, 6% Crosspovidone formulations to be as 8, 6, 5secs respectively and is almost better than F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9 formulations Formulation F3 In-vitro Dissolution studie 10 minutes almost total amount of the drug is released 6% crosspovidone (i.e. 96.96%). Crosspovidone shows good result as compare to other superdisintegrants. Crosspovidone > crosscarmellose sodium > sodium starch glycolat