A Meta-Analysis of Hiring Discrimination Against Muslims and Arabs

Muslim and Arab individuals are discriminated against in almost all domains. Recently, there has been a focus on examining the treatment of these groups in the work setting. Despite the great number of primary studies examining this issue, there has not yet been a quantitative review of the research literature. To fill this gap, this meta-analysis examined the presence and magnitude of hiring discrimination against Muslim and Arab individuals. Using 46 independent effect sizes from 26 sources, we found evidence of discrimination against Muslim and Arab people in employment judgments, behaviors, and decisions across multiple countries. Moderator analyses revealed that discrimination is stronger in field settings, when actual employment decisions are made, and when experimental studies used “Arab” (vs. “Muslim”) targets. However, primary studies provide inconsistent and inaccurate distinctions between Arabs and Muslims, therefore future work should be cautious in categorizing the exact aspect of identity being studied

Effects of College Pre-Entry Expectations on Student Attrition

The current study examined the effect of college pre-entry expectations in five broad domains (academic, social, personal growth, financial, and positional) on college student attrition. Consistent with the met expectations hypothesis, the discrepancy between pre-entry expectations and realized expectations in these domains were predicted to lead to intentions to quit the university. Moreover, this relationship was only predicted to occur if the expectation was viewed as being important to the student\u27s overall evaluation of the university. Data were collected from 896 students from a medium sized Midwestern University. Student\u27s pre-entry expectations were collected prior to the beginning of the semester, and perceptions of reality and criterion variables were collected at mid-semester. Results indicated that intentions to quit the university are created based on actual experience and value congruence instead of unmet expectations. Additionally, the importance of the expectation did not moderate the relationship between expectations and intentions to quit the university. These findings suggest that pre-entry expectations are motivational in nature; students who had higher initial expectations were more likely to realize those expectations at mid-semester, and therefore were less likely to consider leaving the university

User Reactions to Frame-of-Reference Scales. An Experimental Study

Raters have been shown to react differently to performance evaluation formats. However, reactions to a new and promising format, frame-of-reference scales (FORS), remains untested. This experiment found that FORS users reacted more positively compared to standard scale users overall, and results were attributable to perceived accuracy and fairness