Relargage du phosphore à l'interface eau-sédiment dans des étangs de pisciculture de la station Deroua (Béni Mellal, Maroc)

De l'urée et du super phosphate triple ont été appliqués aux étangs d'alevinage de carpes chinoises de la station Deroua pour stimuler la croissance des algues. Toutefois, une forte proportion de ce phosphore est fixée par les sédiments et sera libérée en grande quantité dans les étangs lorsque les sédiments sont en conditions anaérobies.Nous avons étudié le relargage des orthophosphates par les sédiments provenant de deux étangs différents. L'un (A1) en terre ce qui permet la percolation des éléments nutritifs vers les couches profondes, l'autre (C1) dont le fond recouvert d'une fine membrane en polyéthylène, est parfaitement imperméable et empêche toute perte. Par ailleurs, nous avons étudié les effets de l'oxygène dissous, du pH, des nitrates et du glucose sur le relargage des orthophosphates par les sédiments.Les résultats obtenus montrent qu'en anaérobiose, la solubilité du phosphore augmente dans l'eau interstitielle. Les orthophosphates libérés, dont la concentration peut atteindre 873 µg/l, proviennent de la fraction minérale en particulier du Fe(OOH)=P. Le sédiment C1 qui accumule de grandes quantités de matière organique libère plus de phosphore que le sédiment A1.L'addition des nitrates limite la mobilisation du phosphore à partir des sédiments. Le pH acide provoque la dissolution du phosphore lié au calcium alors qu'un pH alcalin provoque celle du phosphore lié aux hydroxydes de fer et sa précipitation partielle sur les carbonates présents dans les sédiments.In the Deroua fish farm (Béni-Mellal, Morocco), a series of ponds was lined with polyethylene to prevent water seepage (lined ponds, C). Another series of ponds was not lined (unlined ponds, A). The lined ponds do not need much fertiliser to enhance phytoplankton growth. They receive a small quantity of urea and triple super phosphate and accumulate high levels of organic matter in their sediments. The unlined ponds receive a large quantity of fertilisers. In the ponds, an important increase in phytoplankton growth occurred particularly after fertilisation with triple super phosphate. The phosphate (P) released from the sediment is the essential source of P for phytoplankton when the ponds are not fertilised.Sediment samples used in this study were collected in June 1999 from the A1 and C1 ponds of the Deroua fish farm. The bottom sediments were collected with a core sampler to provide samples from the 0-5 cm layer. The samples were mixed and analysed for pH, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (NTK), nitrates (N-NO3-), ammonium (N-NH4+), total iron (tot-Fe) and P-fractionation in eight replicates, using the Golterman method (1996).In this work, experiments were conducted to evaluate the P released from sediments of lined and unlined ponds under controlled conditions. The samples included: untreated sediments, sediments treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and sediments treated with chloroform (CHCl3). H2O2 was used to destroy the organic matter of sediment. To inactivate bacteria, CHCl3 was added to the sediments. CHCl3 does not modify the mineral and organic structures of sediments but does reduce the bacterial biomass. Urea and triple super phosphate were added to Chinese carp rearing ponds at Deroua fisheries farm to stimulate algal growth. However, phosphate bound to the sediments was released into the water column during anaerobic conditions. The released phosphate from lined pond (C1) enhanced the algal production.We have tested the fertilisation capacity of A1 and C1 ponds as well as the effects of different factors such as dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrate, and organic matter (glucose) on the phosphate released from the sediments. The results show that under anoxic conditions, phosphate solubility increased in the interstitial water. The released phosphate (873 µg/l) comes from the mineral fraction, particularly from Fe(OOH)=P. The P released from the A1 untreated sediment under oxic and anoxic conditions was low in comparison to the P released from the C1 untreated sediment and did not exceed 9.1 µg.g-1 d.w. (Figure 1). The removal of organic matter with H2O2 had a positive effect on the P released from the C1 sediments only after the second day of incubation. The inactivation of bacteria with CHCl3 had an inhibitory effect on the P released from the C1 sediments under oxic and anoxic conditions; however for the A1 sediments, this inactivation of bacteria had no effect on the kinetics of P release. Phosphorus release from the C1 sediments was important under anoxic conditions; the P came from Fe(OOH)=P after the reduction of Fe(OOH).The addition of nitrates decreased the mobilisation of phosphate from the sediments. Acid conditions increased the dissolution of calcium-bound phosphate, while alkaline conditions increased the dissolution of iron-bound phosphate and its re-precipitation onto carbonate present in sediments. High concentrations of organic matter (glucose) increased oxygen demand and favoured the development of reducing conditions. The phosphate was released from Fe(OOH)=P.The conceptual model of P released in fish ponds shows that, in semiarid climates and in calcareous areas, the polyethylene lining of ponds prevents not only the seepage of water but also the percolation of nutrients. Consequently, the P was more available for algal uptake in the lined ponds. More phosphate will be released concomitant with the process of the ponds becoming anoxic, as nitrate concentrations and the pH of sediments decrease

Influence of Clinical Status and Parasite Load on Erythropoiesis and Leucopoiesis in Dogs Naturally Infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi

Background: The bone marrow is considered to be an important storage of parasites in Leishmania-infected dogs, although little is known about cellular genesis in this organ during canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). Methodology/Principal Findings: The aim of the present study was to evaluate changes in erythropoiesis and leucopoiesis in bone marrow aspirates from dogs naturally infected with Leishmania chagasi and presenting different clinical statuses and bone marrow parasite densities. The evolution of CVL from asymptomatic to symptomatic status was accompanied by increasing parasite density in the bone marrow. The impact of bone marrow parasite density on cellularity was similar in dogs at different clinical stages, with animals in the high parasite density group. Erythroid and eosinophilic hypoplasia, proliferation of neutrophilic precursor cells and significant increases in lymphocytes and plasma cell numbers were the major alterations observed. Differential bone marrow cell counts revealed increases in the myeloid:erythroid ratio associated to increased numbers of granulopoietic cells in the different clinical groups compared with non-infected dogs. Conclusions: Analysis of the data obtained indicated that the assessment of bone marrow constitutes an additional and useful tool by which to elaborate a prognosis for CVL

Diagnóstico de alterações neurológicas compressivas da medula espinal de cães com o uso da Tomografia Computadorizada (TC) Helicoidal

Alterações neurológicas em cães são comuns na rotina da clínica médica, sendo necessário identificar o sítio de lesão quando da ocorrência de neuropatias por compressão em estruturas do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC). O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um estudo epidemiológico das alterações neurológicas compressivas em medula espinal de cães domiciliados em Salvador e região metropolitana: Discopatias, Neoplasias e Traumas identificadas através da Tomografia Computadorizada (TC). Foram avaliados 17 cães de diversas raças com idade entre 2 e 10 anos e de ambos os sexos, atendidos na rotina de dois serviços médicos-veterinários e encaminhados para realização do exame conforme indicação clínica. Imagens em cortes com espessura variando de 0,5 a 2mm em rotação foram produzidas com o Tomógrafo. Dos animais que apresentaram discopatia 12/17 (70,58%), por mielopatia extradural 6/12 (50 %), foram da raça Dachshund com idade média 7,33±1,97 anos e para todos os outros a ocorrência foi pontual; 23,53 % de osteopatias vertebrais, neoplasias ósseas e fraturas, e 5,89% correspondente a neoplasia de medula. Houve uma maior frequência de lesões nos segmentos C4-C6 3/12 (25%), T12-T13 (25 %) e L2-L3 (25 %) dos casos