Chemical characterization and bioactive properties of portuguese wild edible mushrooms

Nineteen different mushroom species (Agaricus arvensis, Agaricus bisporus, Agaricusromagnesii, Agaricus silvaticus, Agaricus silvicola, Cantharellus cibarius, Hypholomafasciculare, Lactarius deliciosus, Lactarius piperatus, Lepista nuda, Leucopaxillusgiganteus, Lycoperdon molle, Lycoperdon perlatum, Macrolepiota mastoidea,Macrolepiota procera, Ramaria botrytis, Sarcodon imbricatus, Tricholoma acerbum and Tricholoma portentosum) from Northeast of Portugal, one of the European regions with higher wild edible mushrooms diversity, were evaluated for their chemical composition, nutritional value and bioactive properties (antioxidant and antimicrobial activities), in order to valorise mushrooms as a source of nutrients and nutraceuticals.The analysis of nutrients included determination of proteins, fats, ash, and carbohydrates, particularly sugars by HPLC-RI. The analysis of nutraceuticals included determination of fatty acids by GC-FID, and other phytochemicals such as tocopherols, by HPLC-fluorescence, phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS, carotenoids and ascorbic acid, by spectrophotometric techniques. The antioxidant activity was screened through chemical and biochemical assays. The chemical assays allowed an evaluation of their reducing power, radical scavenging activity and inhibition of -carotene bleaching, while biochemical assays evaluated the lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity, using erythrocytes and brain cells as models. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using clinical isolates or collection microorganisms (Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and fungi).The macronutrient profile in general revealed that the wild mushrooms were rich sources of protein and carbohydrates and had low amounts of fat. The analysis of fatty acid composition allowed the quantification of twenty three fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids and, in particular, oleic and linoleic acids, were predominant. Mannitol and trehalose were the most abundant sugars. The analysed mushrooms also contain very useful phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds, tocopherols, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids. Particularly, four phenolic acids (protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, pcoumaric and cinnamic acid) and two vanillic acid isomers were detected, identified and quantified, as also three of the tocopherols vitamers (F-, G-, H- tocopherol); no tocotrienols were detected. All the species proved to have antioxidant properties,namely radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity. Ramaria botrytis was the most efficient species presenting the lowest EC50 values in the chemical and biochemical assays, which can be related to their higher content in bioactive compounds. The majority of the species revealed antimicrobial activity selectively against Gram + bacteria, in some cases, with lower minimum inhibitory concentration than the standards.Processing and cooking practices had a determining influence on chemical compositionand antioxidant properties. Cooked samples showed lower nutrients concentrations andlower antioxidant activity than either dried or frozen samples. Nevertheless, for fatty acids and sugar individual profiles, only cooking procedures seemed to be relevant, the cooked samples presenting higher MUFA, and lower PUFA and sugars contents. The fruiting body maturity stage proved to have influence on chemical composition and bioactivity of the wild mushrooms; mature carpophorus with mature spores is notrecommended for nutritional and medicinal proposals.In addition to dried mushrooms, alternative or substitute mushroom products are mycelia that could also be used as food and food-flavouring material, or in the formulation of nutraceuticals and functional foods. In order to explore it, mycelium of Leucopaxillus giganteus was produced using different pH, carbon and nitrogen sourcesin the culture medium, and evaluated for their bioactive properties. The antioxidantsconcentration increased along the growth time as a response to the oxidative stress andsubsequent free radicals production. The aldohexose glucose and diammoniumphosphate proved to be the most appropriate carbon and nitrogen sources to increaseantioxidant activity, leading to the highest phenols content and lowest EC50 values.Public health authorities consider prevention and treatment with nutraceuticals/phytochemicals a powerful instrument in maintaining and promotinghealth, longevity and life quality. The beneficial effects of nutraceuticals will undoubtedly have an impact on nutritional therapy; they also represent a growing segment of today s food industry. Mushrooms might be used directly in diet and promote health, taking advantage of the additive and synergistic effects of all the bioactive compounds present. Therefore, the ongoing research will lead to a new generation of foods, and will certainly promote their nutritional and medicinal use.Diecinueve especies diferentes de setas silvestres (Agaricus arvensis, Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus romagnesii, Agaricus silvaticus, Agaricus silvicola, Cantharellus cibarius, Hypholoma fasciculare, Lactarius deliciosus, Lactarius piperatus, Lepistanuda, Leucopaxillus giganteus, Lycoperdon molle, Lycoperdon perlatum, Macrolepiota mastoidea, Macrolepiota procera, Ramaria botrytis, Sarcodon imbricatus, Tricholoma acerbum and Tricholoma portentosum) del Nordeste de Portugal, una de las regiones europeas con mayor diversidad hongos silvestres comestibles, fueron evaluados conrelación a su composición química, valor nutritivo y propiedades bioactivas (actividades antioxidante y antimicrobiana), con vistas a su valorización como fuente de nutrientes y nutracéuticos.El análisis de nutrientes incluyó la determinación de proteínas, grasas, cenizas, hidratos de carbono, y particularmente azúcares por HPLC-RI. El análisis de nutracéuticos incluyó la determinación de ácidos grasos por GC-FID y otros fitoquímicos, como tocoferoles por HPLC-fluorescencia, compuestos fenólicos por HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS,carotenoides y ácido ascórbico por espectrofotometría. La actividad antioxidante sevaloró mediante ensayos químicos y bioquímicos. Los ensayos químicos consistieron en la evaluación del poder reductor, inhibición del radical libre DPPH e inhibición de la decoloración del G-caroteno, mientras que los ensayos bioquímicos evaluaron la capacidad de inhibición de la peroxidación lipídica, utilizando como modelos eritrocitos y células del cerebro. La actividad antimicrobiana fue evaluada utilizando aislados clínicos y microorganismos de colección (bacterias Gram positivas y Gram negativas yhongos).El perfil de macronutrientes reveló que, en general, los hongos silvestres son fuentes ricas de proteínas e hidratos de carbono y que poseen poca cantidad de grasa. El análisis de la composición de ácidos grasos permitió la cuantificación de veintitrés ácidos grasos. Los ácidos grasos insaturados y, en particular, los ácidos oleico y linoleico, eran predominantes. Manitol y trehalosa fueron los azúcares más abundantes. Las setas analizadas también contienen fitoquímicos tales como compuestos fenólicos, tocoferoles, ácido ascórbico y carotenoides. En particular, fueron detectados,identificados y cuantificados cuatro ácidos fenólicos (ácidos protocatéquico, phidroxibenzoico,p-cumárico y cinámico) y dos isómeros del ácido vanílico y tambiéntres isómeros de tocoferoles (F, G, de H-tocoferol), mientras que no se detectarontocotrienoles. Todas las especies mostraron propiedades antioxidantes, especialmentecapacidad para inhibir radicales libres y la peroxidación lipídica. Ramaria botrytis fue laespecie más eficiente en este sentido, presentando los valores más bajos de EC50 en los ensayos químicos y bioquímicos, lo que puede estar relacionado con su mayor contenido en compuestos bioactivos. La mayoría de las especies mostraron actividad antimicrobiana selectiva contra las bacterias Gram positivas, en algunos casos, con concentraciones mínimas inhibitorias menores que las de los compuestos usados como referencia.El procesado y las prácticas culinarias ejercen una influencia determinante en la composición química y propiedades antioxidantes de las setas estudiadas. Las muestras cocinadas tenían menor concentración de nutrientes y menor actividad antioxidante que las muestras secas o congeladas. Sin embargo, los perfiles individuales de ácidos grasos y azúcares sólo se vieron afectados en las muestras cocinadas, las cuales presentaban niveles mayores de ácidos grasos monoinsaturados e inferiores de poliinsaturados y de azúcares.La maduración del cuerpo fructificante también demostró tener influencia en la composición química y en la bioactividad de las setas silvestres; así, los carpóforos maduros con esporas maduras no pueden ser recomendados nutricional nimedicinalmente.Un producto alternativo a las setas desecadas son los micelios, que también podrían ser utilizados como alimento o ingrediente, o en la formulación de nutracéuticos y alimentos funcionales. Para explorar esta posibilidad, se obtuvieron micelios de Leucopaxillus giganteus utilizando diferentes pH, fuentes de carbono y nitrógeno en elmedio de cultivo, y posteriormente se evaluaron sus propiedades bioactivas. La concentración de antioxidantes aumentó a lo largo del tiempo decrecimiento como respuesta al estrés oxidativo y, por tanto, la producción de radicales libres. Laaldohexosa glucosa y el fosfato diamónico demostraron ser respectivamente las fuentesde carbono y de nitrógeno más apropiadas para aumentar la actividad antioxidante,dando lugar al más alto contenido de compuestos fenólicos y valores más bajos de EC50.El empleo de nutracéuticos/fitoquímicos puede ser un instrumento eficaz en el mantenimiento y la promoción de la salud, longevidad y calidad de vida. Los efectos beneficiosos de nutracéuticos, sin duda, no sólo tienen un impacto en la terapianutricional, sino que también representan un segmento creciente de la actual industria alimentaria. En este sector podrían ubicarse las setas, cuyo empleo como parte de la dieta con fines de promoción de la salud podría ser tenido en cuenta a la vista de la variedad de compuestos bioactivos que contienen y los posibles efectos aditivos o sinérgicos que pueden existir entre ellos. La investigación en curso trata de explorar estaalternativa para, en definitiva, promover nuevas generaciones de alimentos con un valorañadido basado en sus propiedades nutritivas y medicinales

Phytochemicals and their effects on human health

The knowledge about the medicinal properties of natural products, including their action as healthy diet promotors, is widely recognized. Currently, the evidences that natural matrices possess specific bioactive properties, afforded by their chemical constituents, have become increasingly clear for the scientific community. Nevertheless, evidences from clinical trials and epidemiologic observations are still demanded namely regarding the ideal time of the treatment and doses of the selected species. Regardless of the increasing recognition of natural matrices health evidences, a higher prevalence of chronic and degenerative diseases have been observed as a direct consequence of the undergoing socioeconomic improvement. The fact that natural matrices are a source of bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, vitamins, carotenoids and unsaturated fatty acids, stimulates its usage in several areas. In addition to the benefits associated with its direct use in the food industry, they may be used as ingredients in the formulation of functional foods, nutraceuticals and in the pharmaceutical industry, for the production of natural drugs (representing a significant portion of the global pharmaceutical market production). Due to the chemical, nutritional and medicinal properties of these matrices, in recent years there has been an increasing interest in exploiting their applications in health disorders conventionally treated with chemically synthesized products. These therapeutic properties associated to the fact that natural products have fewer adverse or side effects have triggered various scientific studies aiming to validate the use of biologically active substances that can be extracted from these valuable natural sources and justify the worthiness of the ongoing and future research in this field.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Innovation in Mediterranean Traditional Foods: Novel Products and Processes: book of abstracts

The Mediterranean diet involves a set of skills, knowledge, rituals, symbols and traditions concerning crops, harvesting, fishing, animal husbandry, conservation, processing, cooking, and particularly the sharing and consumption of food. Food is key but does not stand alone. Hence, how can we innovate in mediterranean traditional foods, introducing new products, and process, and still maintain our intangible cultural heritage of (for) humanity? This international conference brought together researchers, industry, professionals, and consumers to share innovative ideas in this field and share results from the research and innovative work being developed across the Mediterranean region with a special focus on the development of: Innovative plant-based dairy analogues; Plant and nut-based flours and development of bakery products and pasta; Innovative added-value traditional ready-to-eat meals. The IMTF - 2022 team would like to thank you for your application to the congress, contributing to its success. The submitted works were received, processed, divided into two main categories (Oral Communications and Posters), and later distributed according to the aforementioned topics. In total, 19 Oral and 24 Panel Communications were presented, joined by 6 Keynotes and 3 Plenary lectures. Once again, we would like to thank you all for attending our congress, and we hope to see you again at future research events.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Advances in Tomato and Tomato Compounds Research and Technology

Tomato is the fruit of Solanum lycopersicum L., a Solanaceae crop of worldwide economic importance. Today, there are a large number of tomato cultivars and local varieties with different morphological and sensory characteristics, as well as a wide range of tomato-based foods. These are great dietary sources of micronutrients and bioactive compounds, such as lycopene, vitamins, minerals, and phenolic compounds, which have been linked to many health-promoting effects (1). Several pre- and postharvest efforts have been made to improve the quality of tomato fruit and derived food products, as both tomato production and processing are being carried out under more sustainable and innovative practices. This Research Topic features 12 papers covering relevant subjects, including the production and processing of tomatoes and tomato-based foods and ingredients, as well as the bioaccessibility and health-promoting effects of tomato bioactive compounds. Traditional varieties represent an important component of agricultural biodiversity and play a vital role in the sustainability and security of the agri-food system (2). In this sense, Raigón et al. characterized morphological, nutritional, and chemical characteristics of twoMalacara tomato cultivars (with red and yellow fruits) grown under organic farming conditions. This type of cultivars (“Cuelga”) originates from Sierra de Cádiz, Spain, is cultivated and harvested during the summer and tomato trusses are hung from beams in the farmhouses for consumption during the winter; hence the name “Cuelga” which stands for hanging. Themain differences among these small, pallid tomatoes were mainly related to morphological parameters, but also to fiber, minerals (Fe, Mg, Ca), and lycopene contents. 2-Phenylethanol was detected in both Malacara cultivars, and the low concentration of aldehydes in this varietal type could be related to its long shelf-life.The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support through national funds FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020 and UIDP/00690/2020) and SusTEC (LA/P/0007/2021) and to FCT for the contracts of JP (CEECIND/01011/2018) and LB (CEEC Institutional).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Xoconostle fruit (Opuntia matudae Scheinvar cv. Rosa) by-products as potential functional ingredients

There is a lack of information on the potential use of xoconostle cultivars as sources of antioxidants for food, pharmaceutical and colorant industries. The aim of this study was to provide a phytochemical characterisation and antioxidant activity evaluation of Opuntia matudae Scheinvar cv. Rosa by-products (epicarp and endocarp mucilage's), in order to evaluate their interest as sources of functional ingredients for human or animal foods. These by-products showed a high content in glucose, citric and linoleic acids, tocopherols, and isorhamnetin-O-(di-deoxyhexosyl-hexoside) (mainly in epicarp), and presented relevant antioxidant properties. The obtained results support the use of O. matudae Scheinvar cv. Rosa agro-industrial by-products as functional food ingredients, namely for antioxidant-enriched formulations, instead of being discarded.The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (Portugal) for financial support to CIMO (strategic project Pest-OE/AGR/UI0690/2011) and to L. Barros (researcher contract under “Programa Compromisso com Ciência-2008”). The authors also acknowledge the support of Mexican association CoMenTuna for providing the plant materials

Propriedades antioxidantes de cogumelos silvestres comestíveis

Devido à grande intensidade de colheita de cogumelos em determinadas regiões de Portugal e Espanha, o incentivo à investigação nesta matriz, assume particular destaque, em especial no que concerne ao estudo das propriedades bioactivas. Neste trabalho avaliou-se a actividade antioxidante de cinco espécies diferentes de cogumelos silvestres comestíveis provenientes do Nordeste de Portugal, Agaricus arvensis, Lactarius deliciosus, Leucopaxillus giganteus, Sarcodon imbricatus e Tricholoma portentosum. Nas espécies de A. arvensis, L. giganteus e S. imbricatus, efectuaram-se ensaios químicos e enzimáticos para determinar a capacidade de remoção de radicais livres, o poder redutor, a inibição da hemólise em eritrócitos de animais e a inibição da peroxidação lipídica. Procedeu-se também à quantificação de algumas moléculas bioactivas, nomeadamente compostos fenólicos, ácido ascórbico, β-caroteno e licopeno, responsáveis pelas propriedades antioxidantes avaliadas. Verificou-se que o L. giganteus revelou melhores propriedades antioxidantes que o S. imbricatus e A. arvensis, facto que está de acordo com o conteúdo mais elevado de fenóis encontrado na primeira espécie. As quantidades detectadas de ácido ascórbico, -caroteno e licopeno foram apenas vestigiais. Os diferentes testes de avaliação de actividade antioxidante evidenciaram um mecanismo de acção idêntico. Foi efectuado também um estudo comparativo entre o carpóforo inteiro, o chapéu e o estipe para as espécies de L. deliciosus e T. portentosum. Determinou-se o seu conteúdo em fenóis totais, poder redutor e capacidade bloqueadora de radicais livres. Ambas as espécies revelaram potencial antioxidante, mas L. deliciosus provou ser a mais activa. A porção do cogumelo utilizada também teve influência nos resultados obtidos, tendo o chapéu revelado um maior efeito antioxidante relativamente ao estipe

Chemical composition of Lactarius sp. mushrooms in different maturity stages.

Wild mushrooms are becoming more and more important in our diet for fheir nutritional value, inciuding high pratein and low fat/energy contenfs [1], Dikeman et 01, [2] reported lhe effects of stage o f maturity and cooking on the chemical composition of mushroom species commonly cultivated and consumed in the United Sfates, Nevertheless, there are no detailed studies on the influence in fatty acid and sugars pro flles, partic ularly on mushrooms from Northeast Portugal

Plantas aromáticas e medicinais utilizadas em infusões: estudo comparativo do valor nutricional e contribuição energética

As plantas aromáticas têm vindo a ser tradicionalmente usadas na preparação de infusões pelo seu aroma atrativo e sabor específico, mas também na medicina tradicional como agentes carminativos, no combate à bronquite e úlceras, como diuréticos, depurativos e vermífugos, e ainda pelas suas propriedades anti-escorbúticas, anti-plasmódicas, tónicas, antimicrobianas, anti-inflamatórias, antimutagénicas e anti-carcinogénicas [1,2]. Não obstante, apesar do crescente reconhecimento dos seus efeitos benéficos, tem-se verificado um decréscimo na diversidade destas ervas [3]. Para além disso, a maioria dos estudos com plantas consumidas na forma de infusão, disponíveis na literatura, não incluem análises em infusões (que é a forma realmente consumida), mas apenas em material desidratado. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo disponibiiizar informação relativa ao valor nutricional e contribuição energética de infusões preparadas a partir de vinte e sete espécies de plantas amplamente consumidas nesta forma, de modo a sistematizar os resultados obtidos para uma comparação mais fácil. A maioria das infusões analisadas apresentou frutose, glucose e sacarose em concentrações muito baixas que variaram entre 6, 15 e 26,80 mg/100 mL, e oito destas infusões não revelaram a presença de qualquer açúcar livre. Chamaespartium tridentatum (L.) P.E. Gibbs. subsp. cantabricum (Spach) e Equisetum giganteum L. revelaram o maior teor de frutose (13,60 mg/100 mL) e glucose (12,65 mg/100 mL), respetivamente. Relativamente à sacarose, a maior quantidade foi encontrada em Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. (11,50 mg/100 mL). De entre as infusões analisadas, Lavandula angustifolia Miller apresentou a maior contribuição energética (107,20 cal/100 mL), enquanto Mentha x piperita L. (25,20 cal/100 mL), Thymus x citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. (24,60 cal/100 mL) e Thymus mastichina L. (33, 60 cal/100 mL) revelaram a menor energia, sem diferenças estatísticas significativas. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo de sistematização irão permitir ao leitor fazer uma fácil e rápida comparação entre estas infusões de plantas aromáticas no que respeita ao seu valor calórico

Antioxidant activity of decoction, infusion and methanolic extract of cultivated thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.)

Thymus vulgaris L. (commonly known as thyme) is a perennial subshrub, widely cultivated around the world and belonging to the Lamiaceae (lipped) family. The use of thyme, for various purposes, is a very old tradition and remains until now. In ancient times, it was used both for medicinal purposes and for cooking or magical properties [1,2]. Therefore, in face of the historical descriptions, it is conceived that the use of this plant have multiple health benefits, at different levels, and that many of the responsible components for those effects have not yet been discovered. Much more research is still need in order to prove all the potential effects of this plant. In the present work, flowering aerial parts (leaves and flowers, separated of branches), previously dried supplied for Soria Natural (Garray - Soria, Spain), were prepared (decoction, infusion and hydroalcoholic extract) and submitted to evaluation and comparison of the antioxidant properties. Four different in vitro assays were performed: scavenging effects on DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl) radicals, reducing power (measured by ferricyanide Prussian blue assay), inhibition of β-carotene bleaching and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in brain cell homogenates by TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) assay. In general, all the preparations revealed antioxidant potential measured by the different assays. Decoction preparation showed higher potential in DPPH and reducing power assays (EC50 values 112.3 and 100.7 μg/mL, respectively), while infusion revealed higher potential in TBARS assays (7.1 μg/mL). Concerning the hydroalcoholic extract, the results were only higher in β-carotene bleaching test (31.5 μg/mL). According to the obtained results, it is possible to conclude that the use of infusions and decoctions of thyme, as complementary of daily food, could provide considerable benefits for health, not only in the treatment of related diseases to reactive species production and oxidative stress, but also prevention of aging and cellular damage [3]. These benefits conferred by thyme can be achieved by both internal and external use. Other studies confirm the high antioxidant activity of thyme samples from Croatia and Egypt [4,5] and that its use, at the recommended doses, is safe and no adverse reactions have been described. Nevertheless, further experiments are required in order to explore the mechanisms of action involved

Mushrooms as a source of nutraceuticals related to antioxidant properties

ln order to promote the use of mushrooms as a source of nutraceuticals, severa! experiments were performed in Cantharelfus cibarius. Hypholoma fasciculare, Lepista nuda, Lycoperdon molle, Lycoperdon perlatum, Ramaria botrytis and Tricholoma acerbum wild species. Their antioxidant activity was screened through chemical and biochemical assays; chemical assays allowed an evaluation of their reducing power, radical scavenging activity and inhibition of P-carotene bleaching capacity, while biochemical assays evaluated the lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity, using brain cells as models. The analysis of nutraceuticals included determination of fatty acids by GC-FID, and other phytochemicals such as tocopherols, by HPLC-fluorescence, and phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids and ascorbic acid, by spectrophotometer techniques. Ali the species proved to have antioxidant activity, being R. botrytis the most effective mushroom (EC50 values lower than I mg/mL). These properties seem to be related to its higher content in phenols and tocopherols. lt also presented the highest MUFA (particularly oleie acid) and the lowest SFA levels, which m ay be relevant since the substitution of SFA with MUFA leads to an increase in HDL cholesterol and decrease in LDL cholesterol, triacylglycerol, lip id oxidation, and LDL susceptibility to oxidation. This study contributes not only to a better knowledge of mushrooms but also to its valorisation