Projections of IoT Applications in Colombia Using 5G Wireless Networks

Wireless technologies are increasingly relevant in different activities and lines of the economy, as well as in the daily life of people and companies. The advent of fifth generation networks (5G) implies a promising synergy with the Internet of Things (IoT), allowing for more automations in production processes and an increase in the efficiency of information transmission, managing to improve the efficiency in decision-making through tools such as big data and artificial intelligence. This article presents a description of the 5G implementation process in Colombia, as well as a revision of opportunities when combining with IoT in featured sectors of the departmental development plans, such as agriculture, tourism, health, the environment, and industry. Results shows that the startup of 5G in Colombia has been a slow process, but there are comparisons with similar procedures in other developed countries. Additionally, we present examples of 5G and IoT applications which can be promoted in Colombia, aimed at improving the quality of life of their habitants and promoting economic development.Ibero-American Postgraduate University Association (AUIP

Análisis comparativo de modelos de propagación para el enlace descendente en redes hspa+ en áreas urbanas y suburbanas : caso estudio Barranquilla /

Los modelos de propagación estiman o predicen el comportamiento de una señal en un ambiente específico y tradicionalmente se han centrado en la predicción de la intensidad de la señal a una cierta distancia del transmisor, así como la forma su variación en la proximidad espacial de un lugar determinado. Los principales usos de los modelos de propagación son entre otros: la estimación del área del radio de cobertura de un transmisor, planeación de las redes de los operadores que prestan servicios de radio, estimar la atenuación y pérdidas por trayectoria. Para concebir estos modelos, se encontró una correlación entre la intensidad de la señal recibida y otros parámetros tales como alturas de antena y perfiles del terreno, a través de la utilización de la medición extensa y análisis estadístico.Incluye referencias bibliográficas: páginas 107-11

Projections of iot applications in Colombia using 5G wireless networks

Wireless technologies are increasingly relevant in different activities and lines of the economy, as well as in the daily life of people and companies. The advent of fifth generation networks (5G) implies a promising synergy with the Internet of Things (IoT), allowing for more automations in production processes and an increase in the efficiency of information transmission, managing to improve the efficiency in decision-making through tools such as big data and artificial intelligence. This article presents a description of the 5G implementation process in Colombia, as well as a revision of opportunities when combining with IoT in featured sectors of the departmental development plans, such as agriculture, tourism, health, the environment, and industry. Results shows that the startup of 5G in Colombia has been a slow process, but there are comparisons with similar procedures in other developed countries. Additionally, we present examples of 5G and IoT applications which can be promoted in Colombia, aimed at improving the quality of life of their habitants and promoting economic development

Modeling of Path Loss for RadioWave Propagation in Wireless Sensor Networks in Cassava Crops Using Machine Learning

Modeling radio signal propagation remains one of the most critical tasks in the planning of wireless communication systems, including wireless sensor networks (WSN). Despite the existence of a considerable number of propagation models, the studies aimed at characterizing the attenuation in the wireless channel are still numerous and relevant. These studies are used in the design and planning of wireless networks deployed in various environments, including those with abundant vegetation. This paper analyzes the performance of three vegetation propagation models, ITU-R, FITU-R, and COST-235, and compares them with path loss measurements conducted in a cassava field in Sincelejo, Colombia. Additionally, we applied four machine learning techniques: linear regression (LR), k-nearest neighbors (K-NN), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF), aiming to enhance prediction accuracy levels. The results show that vegetation models based on traditional approaches are not able to adequately characterize attenuation, while models obtained by machine learning using RF, K-NN, and SVM can predict path loss in cassava with RMSE and MAE values below 5 dB

Projections of IoT Applications in Colombia Using 5G Wireless Networks

Wireless technologies are increasingly relevant in different activities and lines of the economy, as well as in the daily life of people and companies. The advent of fifth generation networks (5G) implies a promising synergy with the Internet of Things (IoT), allowing for more automations in production processes and an increase in the efficiency of information transmission, managing to improve the efficiency in decision-making through tools such as big data and artificial intelligence. This article presents a description of the 5G implementation process in Colombia, as well as a revision of opportunities when combining with IoT in featured sectors of the departmental development plans, such as agriculture, tourism, health, the environment, and industry. Results shows that the startup of 5G in Colombia has been a slow process, but there are comparisons with similar procedures in other developed countries. Additionally, we present examples of 5G and IoT applications which can be promoted in Colombia, aimed at improving the quality of life of their habitants and promoting economic development

Comparación de modelos de propagación de ondas de radio de un canal inalámbrico en el área urbana de la ciudad de Barranquilla

Three empirical propagation models were compared: Cost-231 Hata, Walfisch Ikegami (WI) and Interim from Stanford University (SUI) to determine their effectiveness in an urban setting. Measurements were made in the 1900 MHz band in a sector of the city of Barranquilla, Colombia, and the evaluation was made by comparing prediction and relative error values of each model with respect to the measurements. The results show that the WI model presented the lowest relative error compared to the Cost 231 Hata and SUI type B. The high levels of error indicate that the compared models do not adequately represent the measurements in the considered scenario.Tres modelos de propagación empíricos fueron comparados: Cost 231 Hata, Walfisch Ikegami (WI) e Interino de la Universidad de Stanford (SUI); para determinar su efectividad en un entorno urbano. Se hicieron mediciones en la banda de los 1900 MHz en un sector de la ciudad de Barranquilla, Colombia; y la evaluación se hizo mediante comparación de valores de error de predicción y relativo de cada modelo con respecto a las mediciones. Los resultados muestran que el modelo WI presentó el menor error relativo en comparación con el Cost 231 Hata y SUI tipo B. Los niveles altos de error indican que los modelos comparados no representan adecuadamente las mediciones en el escenario considerado. &nbsp

Comparación de modelos de propagación de ondas de radio de un canal inalámbrico en el área urbana de la ciudad de Barranquilla

Three empirical propagation models were compared: Cost-231 Hata, Walfisch Ikegami (WI) and Interim from Stanford University (SUI) to determine their effectiveness in an urban setting. Measurements were made in the 1900 MHz band in a sector of the city of Barranquilla, Colombia, and the evaluation was made by comparing prediction and relative error values of each model with respect to the measurements. The results show that the WI model presented the lowest relative error compared to the Cost 231 Hata and SUI type B. The high levels of error indicate that the compared models do not adequately represent the measurements in the considered scenario.Tres modelos de propagación empíricos fueron comparados: Cost 231 Hata, Walfisch Ikegami (WI) e Interino de la Universidad de Stanford (SUI); para determinar su efectividad en un entorno urbano. Se hicieron mediciones en la banda de los 1900 MHz en un sector de la ciudad de Barranquilla, Colombia; y la evaluación se hizo mediante comparación de valores de error de predicción y relativo de cada modelo con respecto a las mediciones. Los resultados muestran que el modelo WI presentó el menor error relativo en comparación con el Cost 231 Hata y SUI tipo B. Los niveles altos de error indican que los modelos comparados no representan adecuadamente las mediciones en el escenario considerado. &nbsp

Overview of Mobile Communications in Colombia and Introduction to 5G

The deployment of 5G around the world continues to progress at a rapid pace, especially in North America and Asia. Its advantages and efficiency as a data transmission network have been widely demonstrated in different fields such as agriculture, education, health, and surveillance. However, this process does not have the same dynamics in Latin America, specifically in Colombia. The country is currently implementing actions aimed at facilitating the deployment of this technology in the short term, including pilot tests for the use of the radio spectrum, spectrum auctions, the planning of future auctions, and the review of spectrum caps. The results of this review allow us to conclude that despite the forecasts and the intentions of the Colombian government and mobile communication service operators, 5G in standalone mode will not be commercially available in Colombia before the end of 2023. The main failures in its deployment are related to the lack of available spectrum to support the ultrahigh-reliability and low-latency, enhanced mobile broadband, and massive machine-type communications scenarios, as well as the delay in the auction processes for its assignment.AUIP (Iberoamerican University Association for Postgraduate Studies

Modeling Radio Wave Propagation for Wireless Sensor Networks in Vegetated Environments: A Systematic Literature Review

The use of wireless sensor networks (WSN) for monitoring variables in agricultural environments and natural forests has been increasing in recent years. However, the sizing of these systems is affected by the inaccuracy of the radio wave propagation models used, leading to possible increased costs and measurement errors. This systematic literature review (SLR) aims to identify propagation models widely used in WSN deployments in agricultural or naturally vegetated environments and their effectiveness in estimating signal losses. We also identified today’s wireless technologies most used in precision agriculture (PA) system implementations. In addition, the results of studies focused on the development of new propagation models for different environments are evaluated. Scientific and technical analysis is presented based on articles consulted in different specialized databases, which were selected according to different combinations of criteria. The results show that, in most of the application cases, vegetative models present high error values when estimating attenuation