1,081 research outputs found
Ambiguity and legal compliance
Research Summary: This study examines the independent and joint effect of ambiguity and perceived certainty of apprehension on law-breaking decision-making. Data come from a survey of experienced drivers (N = 1147) who viewed videos depicting a car speeding on an interstate highway under experimentally manipulated circumstances. The sampled drivers were generally ambiguity averse, opting to reduce speeding as ambiguity about the perceived certainty of apprehension increased. However, perceived ambiguity interacted with perceived certainty such that increases in ambiguity increased the deterrent effect of ambiguity for low certainty probabilities and decreased the effect for high probabilities. Policy Implications : Ambiguity may serve as a valuable tool for increasing the efficacy of crime-prevention strategies, especially for crimes with naturally low levels of risk. However, researchers should think carefully about the effects of ambiguity when analyzing the efficacy of certainty-based policies because the injection of ambiguity can both increase and decrease legal compliance. Also, discussed are the implications for a key function of policing —traffic safety. <br
Cloning by positive maps in von Neumann algebras
We investigate cloning in the general operator algebra framework in arbitrary
dimension assuming only positivity instead of strong positivity of the cloning
operation, generalizing thus results obtained so far under that stronger assumption.
The weaker positivity assumption turns out quite natural when considering cloning in
the general C∗-algebra framework
Local Quantum Measurement and No-Signaling Imply Quantum Correlations
We show that, assuming that quantum mechanics holds locally, the finite speed
of information is the principle that limits all possible correlations between
distant parties to be quantum mechanical as well. Local quantum mechanics means
that a Hilbert space is assigned to each party, and then all local
positive-operator-valued measurements are (in principle) available; however,
the joint system is not necessarily described by a Hilbert space. In
particular, we do not assume the tensor product formalism between the joint
systems. Our result shows that if any experiment would give nonlocal
correlations beyond quantum mechanics, quantum theory would be invalidated even
locally.Comment: Published version. 5 pages, 1 figure
Discord and non-classicality in probabilistic theories
Quantum discord quantifies non-classical correlations in quantum states. We
introduce discord for states in causal probabilistic theories, inspired by the
original definition proposed in Ref. [17]. We show that the only probabilistic
theory in which all states have null discord is classical probability theory.
Non-null discord is then not just a quantum feature, but a generic signature of
non-classicality.Comment: 5 pages, revtex styl
Bacteriology in Veterinary Practice
In the past undergraduates in veterinary medicine were not able to envisage any practical use for their laboratory training in bacteriology. When a practitioner required a cultural examination it was necessary to submit the specimen to an established laboratory and three or more days would elapse before a reply was received. There has been a marked change in this approach to bacteriology within the last few years and it is the purpose of this presentatioll to explain how bacteriological methods can be used in a clinical practice
Sanction risk perceptions, coherence, and deterrence
Research from environmental criminology, policing, and related literatures consistently finds that objective conditions related to risk of apprehension affect crime. The mechanism underlying this relationship is not explicitly tested; instead, perceptual deterrence is assumed. In this analysis we explicitly investigate that mechanism. This test is not straightforward, however, as some research shows that risk perceptions are susceptible to various cognitive biases and framing effects. Thus, we advance a framework of sanction risk perception that combines individual and contextual determinants. Specifically, we investigate whether contextual factors materially influence risk perceptions and in turn intentions to offend after accounting for the influence of individual‐specific determinants. Our data come from an experimental survey on speeding (N = 1,919). Respondents viewed videos from the driver's perspective of a sedan speeding on a highway and provided estimates of sanction risk, safety perceptions, and behavioral intentions. Although sanction risk and safety perceptions for speeding varied widely across respondents, they remained grounded in the objective conditions of the experimental videos. In turn, citizen perceptions of apprehension risk were comparable with risk estimates elicited from state troopers after viewing the same videos. The results suggest deterrence and safety considerations are important contributing factors that help shape intentions to transgress
Generalization of entanglement to convex operational theories: Entanglement relative to a subspace of observables
We define what it means for a state in a convex cone of states on a space of
observables to be generalized-entangled relative to a subspace of the
observables, in a general ordered linear spaces framework for operational
theories. This extends the notion of ordinary entanglement in quantum
information theory to a much more general framework. Some important special
cases are described, in which the distinguished observables are subspaces of
the observables of a quantum system, leading to results like the identification
of generalized unentangled states with Lie-group-theoretic coherent states when
the special observables form an irreducibly represented Lie algebra. Some open
problems, including that of generalizing the semigroup of local operations with
classical communication to the convex cones setting, are discussed.Comment: 19 pages, to appear in proceedings of Quantum Structures VII, Int. J.
Theor. Phy
A violation of the uncertainty principle implies a violation of the second law of thermodynamics
Uncertainty relations state that there exist certain incompatible
measurements, to which the outcomes cannot be simultaneously predicted. While
the exact incompatibility of quantum measurements dictated by such uncertainty
relations can be inferred from the mathematical formalism of quantum theory,
the question remains whether there is any more fundamental reason for the
uncertainty relations to have this exact form. What, if any, would be the
operational consequences if we were able to go beyond any of these uncertainty
relations? We give a strong argument that justifies uncertainty relations in
quantum theory by showing that violating them implies that it is also possible
to violate the second law of thermodynamics. More precisely, we show that
violating the uncertainty relations in quantum mechanics leads to a
thermodynamic cycle with positive net work gain, which is very unlikely to
exist in nature.Comment: 8 pages, revte
Anonymous quantum communication
We present the first protocol for the anonymous transmission of a quantum
state that is information-theoretically secure against an active adversary,
without any assumption on the number of corrupt participants. The anonymity of
the sender and receiver is perfectly preserved, and the privacy of the quantum
state is protected except with exponentially small probability. Even though a
single corrupt participant can cause the protocol to abort, the quantum state
can only be destroyed with exponentially small probability: if the protocol
succeeds, the state is transferred to the receiver and otherwise it remains in
the hands of the sender (provided the receiver is honest).Comment: 11 pages, to appear in Proceedings of ASIACRYPT, 200
A generalized no-broadcasting theorem
We prove a generalized version of the no-broadcasting theorem, applicable to
essentially \emph{any} nonclassical finite-dimensional probabilistic model
satisfying a no-signaling criterion, including ones with ``super-quantum''
correlations. A strengthened version of the quantum no-broadcasting theorem
follows, and its proof is significantly simpler than existing proofs of the
no-broadcasting theorem.Comment: 4 page
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