1,909 research outputs found
NASA Research Center Contributions to Space Shuttle Return to Flight (SSRTF)
Contributions provided by the NASA Research Centers to key Space Shuttle return-to-flight milestones, with an emphasis on debris and Thermal Protection System (TPS) damage characterization, are described herein. Several CAIB recommendations and Space Shuttle Program directives deal with the mitigation of external tank foam insulation as a debris source, including material characterization as well as potential design changes, and an understanding of Orbiter TPS material characteristics, damage scenarios, and repair options. Ames, Glenn, and Langley Research Centers have performed analytic studies, conducted experimental testing, and developed new technologies, analysis tools, and hardware to contribute to each of these recommendations. For the External Tank (ET), these include studies of spray-on foam insulation (SOFI), investigations of potential design changes, and applications of advanced non-destructive evaluation (NDE) technologies to understand ET TPS shedding during liftoff and ascent. The end-to-end debris assessment included transport analysis to determine the probabilities of impact for various debris sources. For the Orbiter, methods were developed, and validated through experimental testing, to determine thresholds for potential damage of Orbiter TPS components. Analysis tools were developed and validated for on-orbit TPS damage assessments, especially in the area of aerothermal environments. Advanced NDE technologies were also applied to the Orbiter TPS components, including sensor technologies to detect wing leading edge impacts during liftoff and ascent. Work is continuing to develop certified TPS repair options and to develop improved methodologies for reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) damage progression to assist in on-orbit repair decision philosophy
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Immunization expands B cells specific to HIV-1 V3 glycan in mice and macaques.
Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies protect against infection with HIV-1 in animal models, suggesting that a vaccine that elicits these antibodies would be protective in humans. However, it has not yet been possible to induce adequate serological responses by vaccination. Here, to activate B cells that express precursors of broadly neutralizing antibodies within polyclonal repertoires, we developed an immunogen, RC1, that facilitates the recognition of the variable loop 3 (V3)-glycan patch on the envelope protein of HIV-1. RC1 conceals non-conserved immunodominant regions by the addition of glycans and/or multimerization on virus-like particles. Immunization of mice, rabbits and rhesus macaques with RC1 elicited serological responses that targeted the V3-glycan patch. Antibody cloning and cryo-electron microscopy structures of antibody-envelope complexes confirmed that immunization with RC1 expands clones of B cells that carry the anti-V3-glycan patch antibodies, which resemble precursors of human broadly neutralizing antibodies. Thus, RC1 may be a suitable priming immunogen for sequential vaccination strategies in the context of polyclonal repertoires
Gravitational Radiation from the Coalescence of Binary Neutron Stars: Effects Due to the Equation of State, Spin, and Mass Ratio
We calculate the gravitational radiation produced by the coalescence of
inspiraling binary neutron stars in the Newtonian regime using 3-dimensional
numerical simulations. The stars are modeled as polytropes and start out in the
point-mass regime at wide separation. The hydrodynamic integration is performed
using smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) with Newtonian gravity, and the
gravitational radiation is calculated using the quadrupole approximation. We
have run a number of simulations varying the neutron star radii, equations of
state, spins, and mass ratio. The resulting gravitational waveforms and spectra
are rich in information about the hydrodynamics of coalescence, and show
characteristic dependence on GM/Rc^2, the equation of state, and the mass
ratio.Comment: 39 pages, uses Latex 2.09. To be published in the Dec. 15, 1996 issue
of Physical Review D. 16 Figures (bitmapped). Originals available in
compressed Postscript format at ftp://zonker.drexel.edu/papers/PAPER2
Nonleptonic decays to , and other final states in Factorization
We consider nonleptonic Cabibbo--allowed decays in the
factorization approximation. We calculate nonleptonic decays of the type and relative to
and where we include among the
pseudoscalar states(P) and the vector states(V) the newly discovered
resonances, and . In the ratio of decays to
and relative to the decays to these states,
the poorly known decay constants of and cancel leading
to predictions that can shed light on the nature of these new states. In
general, we predict the decays to be larger than the corresponding
decays and in particular we find the branching ratio for can be between four to five times the branching ratio
for . This enhancement of branching
ratios follows primarily from the fact that more partial waves contribute in
decays than in decays. Our predictions are largely
independent of model calculations of hadronic inputs like form factors and
decay constants.Comment: 16 pages LaTe
Structural characterization of a highly-potent V3-glycan broadly neutralizing antibody bound to natively-glycosylated HIV-1 envelope
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) isolated from HIV-1-infected individuals inform HIV-1 vaccine design efforts. Developing bNAbs with increased efficacy requires understanding how antibodies interact with the native oligomannose and complex-type N-glycan shield that hides most protein epitopes on HIV-1 envelope (Env). Here we present crystal structures, including a 3.8-Å X-ray free electron laser dataset, of natively glycosylated Env trimers complexed with BG18, the most potent V3/N332_(gp120) glycan-targeting bNAb reported to date. Our structures show conserved contacts mediated by common D gene-encoded residues with the N332_(gp120) glycan and the gp120 GDIR peptide motif, but a distinct Env-binding orientation relative to PGT121/10-1074 bNAbs. BG18’s binding orientation provides additional contacts with N392_(gp120) and N386_(gp120) glycans near the V3-loop base and engages protein components of the V1-loop. The BG18-natively-glycosylated Env structures facilitate understanding of bNAb–glycan interactions critical for using V3/N332_(gp120) bNAbs therapeutically and targeting their epitope for immunogen design
Structural characterization of a highly-potent V3-glycan broadly neutralizing antibody bound to natively-glycosylated HIV-1 envelope
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) isolated from HIV-1-infected individuals inform HIV-1 vaccine design efforts. Developing bNAbs with increased efficacy requires understanding how antibodies interact with the native oligomannose and complex-type N-glycan shield that hides most protein epitopes on HIV-1 envelope (Env). Here we present crystal structures, including a 3.8-Å X-ray free electron laser dataset, of natively glycosylated Env trimers complexed with BG18, the most potent V3/N332_(gp120) glycan-targeting bNAb reported to date. Our structures show conserved contacts mediated by common D gene-encoded residues with the N332_(gp120) glycan and the gp120 GDIR peptide motif, but a distinct Env-binding orientation relative to PGT121/10-1074 bNAbs. BG18’s binding orientation provides additional contacts with N392_(gp120) and N386_(gp120) glycans near the V3-loop base and engages protein components of the V1-loop. The BG18-natively-glycosylated Env structures facilitate understanding of bNAb–glycan interactions critical for using V3/N332_(gp120) bNAbs therapeutically and targeting their epitope for immunogen design
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