Teismo ekonominė ekspertizė Lietuvoje 2004 metais.

Law system reform in Lithuania touched upon the area of forensic examination. Experts from Forensic Science Centre of Lithuania began compete with private forensic experts by their knowledge and experience in such way: experts’ economists with auditors and inspectors. Turning of various specialists into forensic experts -economists promotes new problems related with variety of methodological research, private experts’ independence, experts’ collaboration. System of economical examination in Lithuania must be formed with responsibility including auditors and property appraisers, ensuring uniform methodology, exchanging experts’ experience and strengthening their independence. Auditor, which intents to become forensic expert, must get forensic expert’s qualification. The goal of this article is to review getting on practice of economic forensic examination within last period. Auditors’ and inspectors’ tasks, its relation with economic forensic examination are discussed in details, methodological, process and practical differences of expert economist’s or auditor’s activity are indicated, authors propose to improve practice of forensic expert’s preparation. Great attention is directed to economic examinations done in Forensic Science Centre of Lithuania, its kinds and tasks, structure of examinations are presented. Value of statement of examination is properly adapted method of expert research. Examinations are done by means of examinational methods of document verification, comparison and contrary verification, control comparison, research of overall quantitative account, economic analysis, computer aided account. Examinations meeting with the loss of information basis are done employing indirect methods of research that usually have been employed in analysis of transaction prices, determining tax basis, quantity of black money. In examinational practice more frequently indirect research methods are employed and principal of it is method of economic model. Problems of indirect application of methodology are discussed, that illustrated by generalized samples of examinational practice. Application of methods of economic modeling needs new scientific knowledge, preparedness and extensive historical and analogue information, quantitative viewpoint. In examinations done indirect method it is necessary to evaluate competitive environment, to take account for circumstances of the activity of enterprises, changes of market conjuncture and inflation. Doing the calculation of black money and prognosis it is necessary to do presumption about equal distribution of earnings in time and among economy subjects but it not always corresponds to reality and it enables to employ the method of arithmetical mean. In earnings prognosis by method of linear extrapolation it is necessary to calculate limits of confiding interval of the prognosis. Expert’s opinion on (he basis of indirect methods is problematic. Instilling quality management system in Forensic Science Centre of Lithuania will provide an excellent provision to do inventory, revision, classification of existing methods, to outline landmarks for seeking improvement expert’s work reserve. After becoming of Lithuania the member of European Union the best European practice must be adopted and employed in the area of forensic examination.Lietuvoje vykusi teisinės sistemos reforma palietė teismo ekspertizės sritį. Lietuvos teismo ekspertizės centro ekspertai savo žiniomis ir patirtimi pradėjo konkuruoti su privačiais- teismo ekspertais: ekspertai ekonomistai su auditoriais ir revizoriais. Įvairiems specialistams tapus- teismo ekspertais ekonomistais, iškilo naujų problemų, susijusių su metodologine tyrimo įvairove, privačių ekspertų nepriklausomumu, ekspertų bendradarbiavimu. Straipsnio tikslas - apžvelgti besiklostančią pastarojo laikotarpio teismo ekonominės ekspertizės praktiką. Detaliai gvildenami auditorių ir revizorių uždaviniai, jų santykis su ekonomine teismo ekspertize, nurodomi metodologiniai, procesiniai bei praktiniai eksperto ekonomisto ir auditoriaus veiklos skirtumai, pateikiami siūlymai dėl teismo ekspertų rengimo praktikos. Daug dėmesio skiriama Lietuvos teismo ekspertizės centre atsekamoms ekonominėms ekspertizėms, apžvelgiamos jų rūšys, uždaviniai Ir struktūra. Ekspertizės atliekamos dokumentinio patikrinimo, palyginimo ir priešpriešinio patikrinimo, kontrolinio sulyginimo, kiekinės-suminės apskaitos tyrimo, ekonominės analizės, kompiuterizuotos apskaitos ir nesant dokumentų tyrimo metodais. Vis dažniau ekspertinėje praktikoje pradedami taikyti netiesioginio tyrimo metodai, iš jų svarbiausias - ekonominio modelio metodas. Aptariamos ir ekspertinės praktikos apibendrintais pavyzdžiais iliustruojamos netiesioginės metodologijos taikymo problemos

Detecting Asset Misappropriation: Forensic Accounting

The main task of the investigation of asset misappropriation is the correct classification of a crime: identification of the fact of misappropriation and determination of the amount of misappropriated assets. Specificity of asset diversity, asset accounting requirements, and a wide range of misappropriation opportunities require specialised knowledge in accounting and economics that investigators often lack. The aim of the study is to increase the knowledge of investigators in forensic accounting in order to increase effectiveness of investigations in detecting asset misappropriation. In this article, the authors, Latvian and Lithuanian accounting experts, talk about typologies of asset misappropriation and ways to detect misappropriation. The authors have compiled a list of red flags for misappropriation of assets and proposed an algorithm for determining the shortage or surplus of assets using forensic accounting methods. Research methods include: qualitative and quantitative methods of economic science, analysis of international standards and scientific literature, and graphical analysis

Decision making in stock trading using machine learning algorithms

Decision Making in Stock Trading using Machine Learning Algorithm

Forensic economic examination in Lithuania in 2004

Law system reform in Lithuania touched upon the area of forensic examination. Experts from Forensic Science Centre of Lithuania began compete with private forensic experts by their knowledge and experience in such way: experts' economists with auditors and inspectors. Turning of various specialists into forensic experts – economists promotes new problems related with variety of methodological research, private experts' independence, experts' collaboration. System of economical examination in Lithuania must be formed with responsibility including auditors and property appraisers, ensuring uniform methodology, exchanging experts' experience and strengthening their independence. Auditor, which intents to become forensic expert, must get forensic expert's qualification. The goal of this article is to review getting on practice of economic forensic examination within last period. Auditors' and inspectors' tasks, its relation with economic forensic examination are discussed in details, methodological, process and practical differences of expert economist's or auditor's activity are indicated, authors propose to improve practice of forensic expert's preparation. Great attention is directed to economic examinations done in Forensic Science Centre of Lithuania, its kinds and tasks, structure of examinations are presented. Value of statement of examination is properly adapted method of expert research.Examinations are done by means of examinational methods of document verification, comparison and contrary verification, control comparison, research of overall quantitative account, economic analysis, computer aided account. Examinations meeting with the loss of information basis are done employing indirect methods of research that usually have been employed in analysis of transaction prices, determining tax basis, quantity of black money. In examinational practice more frequently indirect research methods are employed and principal of it is method of economic model. Problems of indirect application of methodology are discussed, that illustrated by generalized samples of examinational practice. Application of methods of economic modeling needs new scientific knowledge, preparedness and extensive historical and analogue information, quantitative viewpoint. In examinations done indirect method it is necessary to evaluate competitive environment, to take account for circumstances of the activity of enterprises, changes of market conjuncture and inflation. Doing the calculation of black money and prognosis it is necessary to do presumption about equal distribution of earnings in time and among economy subjects but it not always corresponds to reality and it enables to employ the method of arithmetical mean. In earnings prognosis by method of linear extrapolation it is necessary to calculate limits of confiding interval of the prognosis. Expert's opinion on the basis of indirect methods is problemati

Possibilities of forensic accounting and financial examination in investigation of economic and financial offenses

Straipsnyje apžvelgiama ūkinių ir finansinių nusikaltimų bylose paskiriamų ekonominių ekspertinių tyrimų nacionalinė ir užsienio praktika. Aptariamos ekspertinių tyrimų kompetencijos ir galimybės tiriant atskiras nusikalstamas veikas, pateikiama praktinių pavyzdžių, aptariami tarptautiniai šios srities tyrimai, jų rezultatai ir suformuoti gerosios tyrimų praktikos principai.The article analyses theoretical and practical possibilities of forensic economical examination and presents main problems of its performance. It should be emphasized that this type of forensic examination is based on the knowledge of two branches of sciences such as economics and law; therefore, authors try to clearly determine statuses and competencies of a forensic expert and to present national and international best practices in the sphere. Authors present the forensic practices of Lithuania showing in what financial crimes economical forensic examinations are performed most often, what the main mistakes are in ordering of forensic examinations, what tasks may be solved by forensic experts during the investigation of different types of financial crimes. Authors emphasize that forensic experts in these cases may act only as court (investigator, prosecutor) assistants; hence, they cannot act as independent fact finders. Therefore, an investigator or judge should only ask them to prove or disapprove different versions of crime investigation, etc. All existing situations are presented through practical examples compared with international practices. Also, foreign practices in the sphere of financial crimes are presented and analysed in the article. The main conclusion of the article is based on the survey on practices of forensic economical examinations in three Baltic states, and it states that the main principles of said examinations are the same in all three countries regardless peculiarities of legal regulation; therefore, there are possibilities to exchange practices among forensic experts and law enforcement institutions