Fungicidal effect of Origanum vulgare essential oil against Candida glabrata and its cytotoxicity against macrophages

Introduction: Candida glabrata is a yeast fungus regularly isolated from patients with impaired immunity who receive a routine antifungal therapy. Drug-resistant strains of C. glabrata have been emerged in recent years. The aim of this study was to examine the therapeutic efficacy Origanum vulgare essential oil (OVEO) against drug-resistant strains of C. glabrata and its cytotoxic effect on macrophages.Methods: Specimens were collected from mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity of medically approved oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) in HIV-positive patients and volunteered healthy individuals using sterile swabs or mouthwashes. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing was done using microdilution and disc diffusion methods. Chemical composition of OVEO was determined using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The cytotoxic effect of essential oil on macrophages was examined using tetrazolium dye (MTT).Results: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of OVEO in healthy individuals and OPC patients was 150-200 and 150-250 &mu;g/mL, respectively. OVEO efficiently inhibited growth of resistant isolates. In isolates obtained from HIV patients, both MIC50 and MIC90 of OVEO were 200 &mu;g/mL while in healthy individuals were 150 and 200 &mu;g/mL, respectively. Moreover, OVEO induced significant reduction in proliferation of murine RAW264.7 and peritoneal macrophages in concentrations higher than 100 and 300 &mu;g/mL, respectively. Main constituents of OVEO were thymol (27.3), &gamma;-terpinene (20.7) and carvacrol (16.1).Conclusion: OVEO could be used as a fungicidal agent against fungal infections caused by azole-resistant C. glabrata. A combination therapy along with standard antifungals is suggested to avoid its cytotoxic effects.</p

DJELOVANJE FLAVOMICINA I PROTEKSINA NA RAST I POPULACIJU CRIJEVNE MIKROFLORE BROJLERA HRANJENIH OBROCIMA RAZLIČITE KOLIČINE SOJINOG ULJA

A study was conducted to determine the effects of supplementary flavomycin and protexin in diets containing different levels of soy oil on growth performance and intestinal microbial population of broiler chicks. Three hundred and sixty one-day old Ross broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 6 treatments, with 4 replicates and 15 birds per each replicate in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were: 3% soy oil + flavomycin (400g/t), 3% soy oil + protexin (500g/t), 3% soy oil without any growth promoter, 6% soy oil + flavomycin (400g/t), 6% soy oil + protexin (500g/t) and 6% soy oil without any growth promoter. The experimental period was 42 days and feed intake and body weight gain were recorded weekly. The ileal numbers of Lactobacilli and E. coli were counted at 21 and 42day of age. The results showed that addition of protexin to diets (containing 3 or 6% soy oil), reduced feed intake and weight gain significantly (P<0.05). Supplementation diets with flavomycin, resulted in significantly lower counts of Lactobacilli and E. coli. Lactobacilli counts in the ileum of birds receiving protexin were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of the other treatments. It could be concluded that supplementing diets containing fat with protexin have negative effects on broiler performance and high numbers of lactobacilli may play a role in growth depression related to impaired fat absorption due to bile acid deconjugationProvedeno je istraživanje radi određivanja djelovanja dodatka flavomicina i proteksina u obroke koji sadrže različite količine sojinog ulja na rast i crijevnu populaciju mikroorganizama u brojlerskih pilića. Tristo šezdeset jednodnevnih brojlerskih pilića Ross podijeljeno je slučajnim odabirom u 6 tretiranja s 4 ponavljanja i 15 pilića po svakom ponavljanju u slučajnom potpunom bloku. Tretiranja su bila: 3% sojino ulje + flavomicin (400g/t), 3% sojino ulje + proteksin (500g/t), 3% sojino ulje bez promotora rasta, 6% sojino ulje + flavomicin (400g/t), 6% sojino ulje + proteksin (500g/t) i 6% sojino ulje bez promotora rasta. Pokusno razdoblje trajalo je 42 dana i tjedno je bilježen unos hrane i porast tjelesne mase. Lactobacilli i R.coli prebrojavani su 21. i 42. dana starosti. Rezultati su pokazali da je dodavanje proteksina u obroke (uz 3 ili 6% sojinog ulja) značajno smanjilo (P<0.05) unos hrane i prirast tjelesne mase. Obroci s dodanim flavomicinom dali su značajno manji broj Lactobacilla i E. coli. Broj Lactobacilla u ileumu pilića koji su dobivali proteksin bio je značajno veći (P<0.05) od broja u drugim tretiranjima. Može se zaključiti da je dodavanje proteksina obrocima koji su sadržavali mast negativno djelovalo na rezultate brojlera a visoki broj lactobacilla možda igra ulogu u smanjenju rasta u vezi sa smanjenom apsorpcijom masti zbog razdvajanja/dekonjugacije žučne kiseline

Histopathology and cholinergic assessment of Pterocarya fraxinifolia on chicken embryo

There are no reports of toxicological studies of Pterocarya fraxinifolia. The leaves are used for fishing, which also an anesthetic agent. Currently, many drugs utilized in anesthesia practice are modified cholinergic transmission and acetylcholine esterase inhibitors; these are parts of anaesthetic pharmacy. Therefore, cholinergic assessment was surveyed in chicken embryo, which Pterocarya fraxinifolia extractes were injected in 0.1, 1 and 10 mg concentration at day 4 of incubation. Serum and brain cholinesterase were analyzed on day 20 of incubation. The signs were not due to the changes of cholinesterase activity. In histopathology examination, massive necrosis was observed in the spinal cord. Other tissues such as heart, kidneys, skeletal bones and muscles, trachea and lungs, digestive system and endocrine glands were completely developed. This data suggests that the spinal cord is a target organ of the bioactive component of this plant

<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Comparative survey between extraction methods for determination of <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">bioactivity level in shrimp wastes of <i>Penaeus semisulcatus</i> </span></span>

277-279In this study the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, soluble protein and carotenoids of shrimp wastes were examined in different extraction methods. It consists the use of ethanol, chloroform, sodium hydroxide and acetic acid. Results indicated that the ethanolic extraction is suitable for antioxidants and soluble protein. Fat-phase of chloroform is an excellent of the total carotenoids, while anti-inflammatory activity in its waterphase is higher than other extractions

Up-Regulation of Integrins α2β1 and α3β1 Expression in Human Foreskin Fibroblast Cells after In-Vitro Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

ABSTRACT The interaction of Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) with human fetal foreskin fibroblast (HFFF) cell was studied using a recent isolate of HSV-1 which was propagated i

The effect of Allium sativum (Garlic) extract on infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen free embryonic egg

Objective: Garlic is a plant has been used as a flavor, and anti-microbial and anti-diarrheal agent. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a coronavirus. The available vaccines against IBV cannot cover new variants. This study evaluated the inhibitory effects of garlic extract on IBV.  Materials and Methods: The constituents of garlic extract were detected by gas chromatography. This study was done in four groups of embryonic SPF eggs; first group was used for virus titration; second group received the mixture of different virus titration and constant amount of garlic extract; third group received 10-3 titration of virus and after 8 hr received garlic extract and the last group received different dilutions of garlic extract. Results: Based on our results, in the second group, IBV vaccine strain (4/91) at all titration and M41 in 10-2 and 10-3 titration and in the third group both variants of virus the embryonic Index (EI) was significantly increased. Conclusion: The garlic extract had inhibitory effects on IBV in the chickens embryo

Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities and Cytotoxicities of Selected Medicinal Herbs Using Human Hepatoma Cell Line (Hepg2)

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the hepatotoxicity as well as antioxidants activities of hydromethanolic extract of six common traditional species (Origanum vulgar, Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Ferula assafoetida, Artemisia dracunculus, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Valerian officinalis) in order to find a safe antioxidant source. Methods: This research project was performed at Toxicology and Animal Poisoning Research Center, University of Tehran (Tehran, Iran), in 2016. The HepG2 cells viability was examined by LDH and MTT techniques following treatment with different concentrations of selected herbal hydroethanolic extracts for 72 h. Furthermore, assessment of antioxidative properties of the extracts was carried out by various scavenging models including DPPH and FRAP. Results: The highest cytotoxicity was displayed by F. asafoetida extract (IC50= 67.3 µg/ml). R. Officinalis and A. dracunculus extracts were noted as non-toxic due to the high effective dose. Interestingly, V. officinalis extract indicated stimulating effects on cell growth/ proliferation with ED50 values of 20.9 µ/ml. The highest and lowest antioxidant capacities refer to R. officinalis and V. officials. In DPPH assay, the IC50 value of R. officinalis and V. officinalis extracts was found to be 39.82 and 371.77 µg/ml, respectively. FRAP values of R. officinalis and V. officials were 2754.07 and 561.14 µM/g, respectively. Conclusion: This study identified R. officinalis extract as a natural non-toxic agent with remarkable antioxidant potential in phytomedicine

Effect of land-use change on Carbon and Nitrogen dynamics and selected soil fertility properties in forest ecosystems of Perdanan region of Piranshahr, West Azerbaijan

Using different tillage systems following unscientific land-use change lead to accelerated decomposition of soil organic matter. This study was performed to investigate the effects of forest conversion into rangeland, garden and agriculture on organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics as well as mineral nitrogen forms (nitrate and ammonium) contents. To this aim, 40 soil samples (0-15 cm depth) were taken from different land-use classes including forest, rangeland, garden and agriculture in Perdanan region of Piranshahr in West Azerbaijan province. Organic carbon, total nitrogen, nitrate, ammonium and a number of soil properties were measured in soil samples. The results showed that organic carbon, total nitrogen and the ratio of total nitrogen to inorganic nitrogen (Nt/Nmin) were shown to significantly decrease by 44, 46 and 49 percent, respectively due to land-use change from forest to agricultural cultivation. The mineral nitrogen forms in garden and agriculture classes increased approximately by 80 percent. In addition, soil EC was shown to decrease due to land-use conversion from forest to garden and agriculture. Moreover, Calcium carbonate percentage and pH in the garden were significantly higher than the other land-use classes. The highest amount of exchangeable Ca and Na were found in agricultural land-use. Therefore land-use change from forest to agricultural systems is concluded to reduce soil quality and organic matter in long-term due to decreasing organic matter inputs and exerting different tillage activities

Isolated Bacteria from the Uteri of Camels with Different Reproductive Backgrounds: A Study on Sampling Methodology, Prevalence, and Clinical Significance

The objectives of this study were to comparatively identify the common bacterial isolates from the uteri of camels coming from different reproductive backgrounds after standardizing the sampling method and to investigate the association of clinically measurable parameters with uterine colonization by these isolates. The uterine samples from 856 dromedary camels yielded a total of 17 different bacterial species with a higher proportion of sub-fertile camel uteri being colonized by bacteria (66.6%) as compared to nulliparous, recently calved, and those with unknown reproductive history combined (44.2%; p p > 0.05). While certain strains were more likely to be obtained from the uteri of the sub-fertile group (p p > 0.05). In conclusion, a relatively high bacterial load can be identified from the uteri of both sub-fertile and normal dromedary camels, with a higher frequency among the former. The uterine ultrasonography and evaluation of the body condition score can help in identifying the camels in which uterus is contaminated by bacteria