144 research outputs found

    New insights into the infection strategy of lineage 3 and lineage 4 Bartonella species

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    The α-proteobacterial genus Bartonella comprises Gram negative facultative intracellular pathogens causing a long-lasting intraerythrocytic infection in their specific mammalian host. Bartonella spp. are divided in 4 different lineages according to the nature of the virulence factors involved during the infection process. Studies on lineage 4 species revealed the involvement of two type 4 secretion systems (T4SS) for the establishment of a successful infection process: The VirB/D4 T4SS and Trw T4SS. The VirB/D4 T4SS contributes to Bartonella pathogenicity by translocating proteins called Bartonella effector proteins (Bep) during the dermal stage of the infection. The Trw T4SS is engaged during the blood stage triggering erythrocytes colonization and determine the host-specificity. In this study, we focus our researches on one hand on the role in vivo of the VirB/D4 and its effectors during Bartonella tribocorum infection. On the other hand, we establish an in vivo infection model for lineage 3 by using Bartonella 1-1C. Investigations on the role in vivo of the VirB/D4 T4SS during the infection process of B. tribocorum revealed a bacteremic phenotype of the full bep mutant Btr ΔbepA-I. Since bep were assumed essential for infection, this unexpected result pushed us to call into question the central role of these effectors. Phylogenetic analysis combined with in vivo infections revealed the translocation via the VirB/D4 T4SS of an additional effector named YopJ. Firstly described as a Type 3 secretion effector in Yersinia Pestis and based on our results, we hypnotize that YopJ in Bartonella species evolved as a Type 4 secretion effector. This new insight concerning Bartonella leads to a new way of approaching infection process of Bartonella species. Since Lineage 3 species harbor a flagella instead of a Trw T4SS and translocate a different cocktails of Bep compared to lineage 4 we analyzed the in vivo infection cycle of this lineage. Investigations on the lineage 3 strain B 1-1C allowed the establishment of an intravenous (i.v.) and intradermal (i.d.) in vivo infection model in rat. One hallmark of Bartonella infection is the persistent intraerythrocytic bacteremia. In this study, we show that B 1-1C does not colonize erythrocytes. Results obtained during this report pushed us to reconsider rat as the specific mammalian host of B 1-1C

    Optimizing signal patterns for MR vascular fingerprinting

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    International audienceMR vascular fingerprinting proposes to map vascular properties such as blood volume fraction, average vessel radius or blood oxygenation saturation (SO). The fingerprint pattern used in previous studies provides low sensitivity on SO. We optimised signal patterns built from pre and post USPIO acquisitions. Concatenation of different echoes associated with higher dimensional dictionaries led to better estimates in both healthy and tumoral tissues

    Contribution of CT-Scan Analysis by Artificial Intelligence to the Clinical Care of TBI Patients

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    The gold standard to diagnose intracerebral lesions after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is computed tomography (CT) scan, and due to its accessibility and improved quality of images, the global burden of CT scan for TBI patients is increasing. The recent developments of automated determination of traumatic brain lesions and medical-decision process using artificial intelligence (AI) represent opportunities to help clinicians in screening more patients, identifying the nature and volume of lesions and estimating the patient outcome. This short review will summarize what is ongoing with the use of AI and CT scan for patients with TBI

    Author Correction:A consensus protocol for functional connectivity analysis in the rat brain

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    Innovation et développement dans les systÚmes agricoles et alimentaires

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    L’innovation est souvent prĂ©sentĂ©e comme l’un des principaux leviers pour promouvoir un dĂ©veloppement plus durable et plus inclusif. Dans les domaines de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation, l’innovation est marquĂ©e par des spĂ©cificitĂ©s liĂ©es Ă  sa relation Ă  la nature, mais aussi Ă  la grande diversitĂ© d’acteurs concernĂ©s, depuis les agriculteurs jusqu’aux consommateurs, en passant par les services de recherche et de dĂ©veloppement. L’innovation Ă©merge des interactions entre ces acteurs, qui mobilisent des ressources et produisent des connaissances dans des dispositifs collaboratifs, afin de gĂ©nĂ©rer des changements. Elle recouvre des domaines aussi variĂ©s que les pratiques de production, l’organisation des marchĂ©s, ou les pratiques alimentaires. L’innovation est reliĂ©e aux grands enjeux de dĂ©veloppement : innovation agro-Ă©cologique, innovation sociale, innovation territoriale, etc. Cet ouvrage porte un regard sur l’innovation dans les systĂšmes agricoles et alimentaires. Il met un accent particulier sur l’accompagnement de l’innovation, en interrogeant les mĂ©thodes et les organisations, et sur l’évaluation de l’innovation au regard de diffĂ©rents critĂšres. Il s’appuie sur des rĂ©flexions portĂ©es par diffĂ©rentes disciplines scientifiques, sur des travaux de terrain conduits tant en France que dans de nombreux pays du Sud, et enfin sur les expĂ©riences acquises en accompagnant des acteurs qui innovent. Il combine des synthĂšses sur l’innovation et des Ă©tudes de cas emblĂ©matiques pour illustrer les propos. L’ouvrage est destinĂ© aux enseignants, professionnels, Ă©tudiants et chercheurs

    Les impasses de la « ville néolibérale » : entre « rééquilibrage territorial » et « rayonnement international », les paradoxes de deux grands projets de renouvellement urbain dans les agglomérations de Lille et de Hambourg

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    TirĂ© d’une comparaison de deux processus de dĂ©veloppement urbain dans les agglomĂ©rations de Lille et Hambourg, cet article esquisse une critique de deux Ă©cueils que l’on trouve dans certains travaux sur la « ville nĂ©olibĂ©rale » sur la base de l’analyse inductive des contradictions de deux projets urbains qui peuvent faire Ă©cho Ă  ce modĂšle de gouvernement des villes. Cette contribution traite de la maniĂšre dont l’Exposition internationale d’architecture de Hambourg (IBA Hamburg) et le projet de l’Union aux confins des communes de Roubaix, Tourcoing et Wattrelos combinent des objectifs de dĂ©veloppement social local et de promotion de l’attractivitĂ© territoriale. Dans un premier temps, l’analyse socio-historique des projets permet de mettre au jour comment, en amont de leur lancement officiel, l’articulation de la catĂ©gorie de « quartier dĂ©favorisé » Ă  celle d’« attractivitĂ© mĂ©tropolitaine » n’a fait qu’inflĂ©chir un processus de tri social et symbolique des populations et des acteurs « lĂ©gitimes » dĂ©jĂ  Ă  l’Ɠuvre dans les programmes de gĂ©ographie prioritaire antĂ©rieurs. Dans un second temps, l’étude de la mise en Ɠuvre de l’IBA et de l’Union montre que l’attraction du capital s’est affirmĂ©e comme un objectif prĂ©dominant qui est nĂ©anmoins articulĂ© Ă  d’autres idĂ©aux d’excellence, de bonne gouvernance et de justice spatiale de maniĂšre diffĂ©renciĂ©e, selon les rapports de forces Ă©conomiques, institutionnels et politiques qui structurent chaque champ du pouvoir local.Built on a comparison of two urban development processes in Lille and Hamburg, this article outlines a criticism of two analytical pitfalls that one can find in some research works on the “neoliberal city” based on the inductive analysis of the contradictions of two urban projects that might fit with the image of this model of urban government. This contribution deals with the way the International Building Exhibition (IBA) Hamburg and the Union-project between the municipalities of Roubaix, Tourcoing and Wattrelos combine place-based social development with urban attractiveness. First, the socio-historical part of the analysis shows that the combination of the categories of “deprived neighborhood and “metropolitan attractiveness” has mainly increased a process of social selection that had already begun with the previous programs of neighborhood development. Then, the second part focusing on the implementation of the IBA and the Union-project shows that even if attracting capital turned out to be a predominant objective of both projects, it has been combined with other ideals like excellence, good governance and spatial justice in a very differentiated way, depending on economic, institutional and political struggles that structure each local political scene
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