Contradictions of Urban Cities\u27 Renewals

Članak predstavlja pokušaj evaluacije postojećih teorijskih stanovišta o razvoju gradova i gradskih centara. Usporedba slovenskih i Zapadnih iskustava se na prvi pogled čini neprimjerenom zbog razlika u stupnju razvoja, društvenih uvjeta, kao i nepostojanja odgovarajuće literature u Sloveniji. Usprkos tome moguće je ustanoviti neke sličnosti u strukturi procesa obnove gradskih jezgara, pa i sličnost interesa društvenih grupa koji se ostvaruju tokom obnove. Samo u okviru takve analize interesa i rezultata njihovih utjecaja moguće je praviti usporedbe, bez obzira na specifičnosti problema različitih gradova, kao i razlike u organizaciji odlučivanja koju definira osobenost društvenog sistema. Dosadašnja iskustva alternativnih razvojnih oblika gradskih centara upozoravaju na slabosti pri rješavanju socijalnih problema i istovremeno usmjeravaju pažnju na socijalna i ekonomska pitanja.The study represents an attempt of evaluation of existing theoretical views on the city development. The comparison between Slovenian and western experiences is particularly delicate, since there is a gap in the level of development in social circumstances and written materials available. But it is possible to notice some similarities in the structure of the renewal process and similar interests of social groups which are taking part in urban renewal actions. It is only within such a social interest analysis that we are able to make comparisons, neglecting the differences and particularities of each urban case and possible differentiation of the decision making process — defined by different social organization of the system

The Unbearable Easiness of City Renewal

Ovaj tekst se bavi problemima produkcije društvene okoline i odlučivanja o upotrebi prostora, te određenjima fenomena »urbanosti« kod raznih autora (Marx, Weber, Durkheim, Park itd). Centralna tema rada je sama problematika obnove gradskih središta koja se obrađuje prezentiranjem različitih pristupa obnovi, njihovih prednosti i nedostataka. Autorica ukazuje kako monopol i dominacija, rast, razvoj, interes i moć utječu na pristup obnovi gradskih središta. Po autoričinom mišljenju u Jugoslaviji ne prevladavaju ni tržišne potrebe koje zahtjevaju poslovni karakter gradskih središta niti zahtjevi stanovništva za podizanje kvalitete življenja u gradskim središtima već prevladava »privatizacija« kao izraz političkog monopola što kao posljedicu ima da je glavno obilježje gradskih središta mnogih jugoslavenskih gradova prostorna jednodimenzionalnost i monofunkcionalizam.This text deals with the problems of social environment production and decision-making concerning space-usage and with defining the phenomenon of »urbanity« in the works of different authors (Marx, Weber, Durkheim, Park, etc.) The principal theme in this paper is the issue of city-centre restoration which is elaborated by presenting different approaches to restoration, their advantages and disadvantages. The authoress indicates that monopoly and domination, growth, development, interests and power all influence the approach to city-centre restoration. In her opinion, in Yugoslavia, neither market-economy demands requiring city-centres of a business-like character, nor the demands of the city dwellers for improving the quality of living in city-centres are prevalent. What dominates is »privatization« as an expression of political monopoly which produces spatial one-dimensionality and monofunctionalism making them the main characteristics of city-centres in many Yugoslav cities

DIE SLOWENEN, ÖKOLOGIE UND POLITIK

Analiza je usmjerena na individualno-psihološke, stručne i političke dimenzije ekološke problematike. Ugroženost stanovnika u životnom okolišu, od podataka iz istraživanja o kvaliteti života (1984-1991), dramatično se povećala dva do tri puta te je dosegnula 41-65% slovenske populacije. To je u suprotnosti s optimističnim ocjenama koje je prihvatio slovenski parlament na temelju stručnih analiza. Paradoks između stanja i svijesti ljudi možemo osvijetliti genezom analitičkoga koncepta laičkog mišljenja nasuprot stručnom mišljenju u okviru političkih promjena u slovenskom društvu. ^ini se da tek politički događaji daju konzistentno značenje toj kontroverzi između subjektivne percepcije i stručnih, parcijalnih argumenata. Iznenađuje suprotnost između relativnog političkog uspjeha zelenoga pokreta i ekoloških mjera prve izabrane vlade u praksi. Ustanovili smo podudarnost mišljenja utoliko što, usprkos nekim djelomičnim poboljšanjima i većoj ekološkoj osviještenosti ljudi, Slovenija ima previsoku onečišćenost okoliša s obzirom na njezinu veličinu i naseljenost.Among many other ex-socialist countries, Slovenia is no exception concerning the great extent of environmental problems. Nevertheless, there is very little or no connection between the real extent of the environmental problem and public or local opinion about it. Even more, public discontent with the quality of air increased significantly during the last seven years, while the research results indicate that the quality of air is improving. Two stages of mind can be analyzed: subjective, laic perception and professional estimation. Comparable data (Public opinion poll 1980/90 and Quality of Life Research 1984/91) show that the Slovenian population environmental concern raised almost twice on average during the last seven years. Environmental movement though has been more effective as a "civil" social movement, operating in the political opposition. Environmental issue promoted the social and political criticism in the late 80s, rather than the active environmental awareness itself.Die Analyse ist auf die individuell-psychologischen, fachlichen und politischen Dimensionen der ökologischen Problematik gerichtet. Die Gefährdung der Bevölkerung in ihrer Umwelt ist, nach den Angaben aus den Forschungen über die Lebensqualität (1984-1991), dramatisch zwei bis dreimal gestiegen, und erreichte 41-65% der slowenischen Bevölkerung. Das widerspricht den optimistischen Einschätzungen, die vom slowenischen Parlament aufgrund Fachanalysen akzeptiert wurden. Das Paradox zwischen dem Zustand und dem Bewusstsein der Menschen kann mit der Entstehung des analytischen Konzeptes des laienhaften Denkens erleuchtert werden, das dem fachmännischen Denken im Rahmen der politischen Änderungen in der slowenischen Gesellschaft entgegengesetzt wird. Nur die politischen Ereignisse scheinen dieser Kontroverse zwischen subjektiver Perzeption und fachmännischen, parziale Argumenten eine konsistente Bedeutung zu geben. Der Gegensatz zwischen dem relativen politischen Erfolg der grünen Bewegung und der ökologischen Massnahme der ersten gewählten Regierung in der Praxis ist überraschend. Wir stellten eine Meinungsübereinstimmung fest, in dem Masse, dass trotz einiger Teilverbesserungen und eines höheren ökologischen Bewusstseins der Menschen, Slowenien eine zu hohe Umweltverschmutzung hat, mit Rücksicht auf seine Grösse und Bevölkerungsdichte

Ecologic problems in the living environment

Although attitudes concerning ecological quality are impressively increasing in cities, as well as in the countryside, it is more apparent in the latter. Generally, the share of ecologically endangered areas is larger in cities, but their growth is greater in the countryside, which is alarming. Rapid increase in ecological consciousness of the population has been noted and also more defined criteria for environmental quality. Differences in the answers of the population between 1984 and 1991 prove an increase in latent ecologic and not necessarily manifestative consciousness, which ensures the preparedness of the population for action

Ekološki problemi v bivalnem okolju

Čeprav mnenje o slabi ekološki kvaliteti okolja zelo impresivno narašča tako v mestih kot na podeželju, je opazna predvsem rast tega pojava na podeželju. Na splošno sicer obstaja v mestih večji delež ekološko ogroženega okolja, vendar je rast enakega na podeželju večja, in prav to je najbolj zaskrbljujoče. Beležimo skokovito naraščanje ne le občutljivosti ekološke zavesti prebivalcev, ampak verjetno tudi izostrenih kriterijev za kvaliteto okolja. Razlike v odgovorih anketiranih prebivalcev v letih 1984 in 1991 govorijo torej v prid naraščaju latentne ekološke zavesti, ne pa nujno manifestne, ki zagotavlja tudi pripravljenost prebivalcev na akcijo