Acomodación Razonable Bajo el ADA

Este folleto es parte de una serie de prácticas de recursos humanos y acomodaciones en el lugar de trabajo para personas con discapacidades, editado por Susanne M. Bruyère, PhD., CRC, SPHR, directora del Programa sobre Empleo y Discapacidad, Escuela de Relaciones Laborales e Industriales, División de Extensión de la Universidad de Cornell. El folleto original fue escrito por Barbara A. Lee, Profesora Adjunta del Instituto del Gerencia y Relaciones Industriales de la Universidad de Rutgers en New Brunswick, New Jersey. Fue actualizado en mayo del 2001 por Sheila D. Duston, abogada y mediadora practicante en el área metropolitana de Washington D.C. y actualizado de nuevo en el 2010 por Beth Reiter, una consultora legal independiente en Ithaca, con la ayuda de Sara Furguson, estudiante del ILR asistente de investigación del Instituto de Empleo Y Discapacidad de la Universidad de Cornell

Reasonable Accommodation Under the ADA

This brochure is one of a series on human resources practices and workplace accommodations for persons with disabilities edited by Susanne M. Bruyère, Ph.D., CRC, SPHR, Director, Program on Employment and Disability, School of Industrial and Labor Relations – Extension Division, Cornell University. Cornell University was funded in the early 1990’s by the U.S. Department of Education National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research as a National Materials Development Project on the employment provisions (Title I) of the ADA (Grant #H133D10155). These updates, and the development of new brochures, have been funded by Cornell’s Program on Employment and Disability, the Pacific Disability and Business Technical Assistance Center, and other supporters

Indirectly estimated absolute lung cancer mortality rates by smoking status and histological type based on a systematic review

BACKGROUND: National smoking-specific lung cancer mortality rates are unavailable, and studies presenting estimates are limited, particularly by histology. This hinders interpretation. We attempted to rectify this by deriving estimates indirectly, combining data from national rates and epidemiological studies. METHODS: We estimated study-specific absolute mortality rates and variances by histology and smoking habit (never/ever/current/former) based on relative risk estimates derived from studies published in the 20(th) century, coupled with WHO mortality data for age 70–74 for the relevant country and period. Studies with populations grossly unrepresentative nationally were excluded. 70–74 was chosen based on analyses of large cohort studies presenting rates by smoking and age. Variations by sex, period and region were assessed by meta-analysis and meta-regression. RESULTS: 148 studies provided estimates (Europe 59, America 54, China 22, other Asia 13), 54 providing estimates by histology (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma). For all smoking habits and lung cancer types, mortality rates were higher in males, the excess less evident for never smokers. Never smoker rates were clearly highest in China, and showed some increasing time trend, particularly for adenocarcinoma. Ever smoker rates were higher in parts of Europe and America than in China, with the time trend very clear, especially for adenocarcinoma. Variations by time trend and continent were clear for current smokers (rates being higher in Europe and America than Asia), but less clear for former smokers. Models involving continent and trend explained much variability, but non-linearity was sometimes seen (with rates lower in 1991–99 than 1981–90), and there was regional variation within continent (with rates in Europe often high in UK and low in Scandinavia, and higher in North than South America). CONCLUSIONS: The indirect method may be questioned, because of variations in definition of smoking and lung cancer type in the epidemiological database, changes over time in diagnosis of lung cancer types, lack of national representativeness of some studies, and regional variation in smoking misclassification. However, the results seem consistent with the literature, and provide additional information on variability by time and region, including evidence of a rise in never smoker adenocarcinoma rates relative to squamous cell carcinoma rates

Cash Flow: Misleading Connotations of Dividend Distributions

It is not often that a new term of art comes into use in a particular field of law with the effect of simultaneously changing the face of a booming industry and testing the adequacy of an important field of federal regulatory activity. Yet the term cash flow, of relatively recent importance in the real estate industry, has cast in a new light old questions about permissible sources of corporate distributions to shareholders, and given currency to new and revolutionary criteria of enterprise valuation. More important, the practice of measuring distributions by cash flow rather than by net income can be both misleading and susceptible of fraudulent manipulation. These possibilities in turn suggest the desirability of re-examining the disclosure philosophy underlying federal securities regulation, particularly the Securities Act of 1933

Effects of Acid pH on Embryonic and Juvenile Freshwater Fish

The effects of sulfuric acid on embryos, larvae, and juvenile fish were examined using standard bioassay techniques, as well as in a preference/ avoidance behavioral test. The objectives were to compare the sensitivities of the various ages of fish to acid and to assess the use of the behavioral test in a hazard assessment program. In an 8-day static renewal bioassay, embryos and larvae of the fathead minnow were not affected at a pH of 4.92 and above, but pH 3.57 produced complete mortality prior to hatching. In 96- hr acute bioassays, 8-wk juvenile fathead minnows survived 100% at pH\u27s of 5.02 to 7.38, while complete mortality occurred at pH\u27s below 3.90. At pH 4.29, only 15% of the population survived. Similar results were obtained with 12-wk animals. Juvenile bluegill sunfish (8 wk) and fathead minnows (6 and 14 wk) also were exposed to various concentrations of sulfuric acid in a preference/avoidance bioassay. Both 14-wk fathead minnows and 8-wk bluegill sunfish avoided acid pH\u27s below pH 6.0, while the 6-wk fathead minnows avoided all acid levels tested (i.e., pH 6.19 and below). Therefore, the 6-wk fathead minnows appeared to be the most sensitive to acid stress. Based on these findings, juvenile fish, given a choice, would tend to avoid acid levels that might not prove lethal to them. Therefore, the preference/ avoidance bioassay should not be used alone but could be an important tool in evaluating sublethal effects in a multistage hazard assessment program

How Water's Properties Are Encoded in Its Molecular Structure and Energies.

How are water's material properties encoded within the structure of the water molecule? This is pertinent to understanding Earth's living systems, its materials, its geochemistry and geophysics, and a broad spectrum of its industrial chemistry. Water has distinctive liquid and solid properties: It is highly cohesive. It has volumetric anomalies-water's solid (ice) floats on its liquid; pressure can melt the solid rather than freezing the liquid; heating can shrink the liquid. It has more solid phases than other materials. Its supercooled liquid has divergent thermodynamic response functions. Its glassy state is neither fragile nor strong. Its component ions-hydroxide and protons-diffuse much faster than other ions. Aqueous solvation of ions or oils entails large entropies and heat capacities. We review how these properties are encoded within water's molecular structure and energies, as understood from theories, simulations, and experiments. Like simpler liquids, water molecules are nearly spherical and interact with each other through van der Waals forces. Unlike simpler liquids, water's orientation-dependent hydrogen bonding leads to open tetrahedral cage-like structuring that contributes to its remarkable volumetric and thermal properties