Advances in methods to detect, isolate and quantify foodborne pathogens

Foodborne diseases impact human health and economies worldwide in terms of health care and productivity loss. Prevention is necessary and methods to detect, isolate and quantify foodborne pathogens play a fundamental role, changing continuously to face microorganisms and food production evolution. Official methods are mainly based on microorganisms growth in different media and their isolation on selective agars followed by confirmation of presumptive colonies through biochemical and serological test. A complete identification requires form 7 to 10 days. Over the last decades, new molecular techniques based on antibodies and nucleic acids allow a more accurate typing and a faster detection and quantification. The present thesis aims to apply molecular techniques to improve official methods performances regarding two pathogens: Shiga-like Toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Listeria monocytogenes. In 2011, a new strain of STEC belonging to the serogroup O104 provoked a large outbreak. Therefore, the development of a method to detect and isolate STEC O104 is demanded. The first objective of this work is the detection, isolation and identification of STEC O104 in sprouts artificially contaminated. Multiplex PCR assays and antibodies anti-O104 incorporated in reagents for immunomagnetic separation and latex agglutination were employed. Contamination levels of less than 1 CFU/g were detected. Multiplex PCR assays permitted a rapid screening of enriched food samples and identification of isolated colonies. Immunomagnetic separation and latex agglutination allowed a high sensitivity and rapid identification of O104 antigen, respectively. The development of a rapid method to detect and quantify Listeria monocytogenes, a high-risk pathogen, is the second objective. Detection of 1 CFU/ml and quantification of 10–1,000 CFU/ml in raw milk were achieved by a sample pretreatment step and quantitative PCR in about 3h. L. monocytogenes growth in raw milk was also evaluated

In vivo and in vitro effects of selected antioxidants on rabbit meat microbiota

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary vitamin E or EconomasE™ supplementation on the growth of several background/pathogenic bacteria on rabbit carcasses and hamburgers during refrigerated storage. For 51days, 270 New Zealand rabbits received either a basal diet, or experimental diets enriched with 100 or 200mg/kg of vitamin E or EconomasE™. The bacteria studied were Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, coagulase-positive staphylococci, plus both mesophilic and psychrotrophic aerobes. The growth of Listeria monocytogenes on contaminated patties was evaluated through a challenge test. The potential protective or antimicrobial effect of vitamin E or EconomasE™ on Listeria monocytogenes or Pseudomonas aeruginosa was assessed in vitro. Diet did not influence the concentrations of bacteria found on rabbit carcasses and developing on hamburgers. Vitamin E (in vivo and in vitro) and EconomasE™ in vivo had a protective antioxidant role, while EconomasE™ in vitro had strong antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, but not against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Direct, quantitative detection of Listeria monocytogenes in fresh raw whole milk by qPCR

A method previously developed for direct (non-enrichment) detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 was adapted for Listeria monocytogenes. The sample treatment protocol was successful in concentrating bacteria from 10 mL raw milk samples and reducing PCR inhibition, but qPCR detection sensitivity and reproducibility was poor. Two DNA extraction reagents and multiple extraction conditions were tested to identify an efficient and reproducible DNA extraction method. Two primer/probe sets were evaluated at two concentrations and three annealing temperatures to minimize false-positive results and optimize sensitivity and reproducibility of qPCR detection. Under the selected conditions, DNA was extracted efficiently from the entire milk sample in a volume of 10 mL, and subsequently quantitated by a 50 nuclease qPCR assay lasting 50 min. The method provided detection of 1 cfu mL1 L. monocytogenes in 10 mL raw milk and quantitation from 10 to 1000 cfu mL1 with a total time to result of <3 h

Evaluation of Listeria monocytogenes growth in raw milk at refrigeration temperatures/Valutazione della crescita di Listeria monocytogenes in latte crudo a temperature di refrigerazione

Summary Raw milk consumption has significantly increased in the last few years and it represents a public health risk for the consumers since it can harbour pathogenic microorganisms. The psychrotropic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes was chosen to perform Microbiological Challenge Tests in raw milk at three levels of contamination (1, 10 e 100 cfu/mL) to evaluate its growth at 0\ub0C, 2\ub0C and 4\ub0C. It has been observed that raw milk contaminated with 1 cfu/mL is compliant with the limit of 100 cfu/mL, required by European regulations, for four days at all the tested temperatures. On the contrary, when the contamination is 4810 cfu/mL, raw milk accomplices the microbiological criterion only at 0\ub0C and 2\ub0C. In order to protect consumers health and observe the European food safety criterion, considering the different levels of contamination of Listeria monocytogenes, we advise to store raw milk between 0\ub0C and 2\ub0C

Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat frozen meat broth/Sopravvivenza di Listeria monocytogenes in brodo di carne surgelato pronto

SUMMARY The survival of Li steria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat frozen broth was evaluated utilizing the Microbiological Challenge Test in order to confi rm the date of minimum durability of 12 months and demonstrate that the limit 100 cfu/g will not be exceeded during the product shelflife. The results show that the microorganism is not detected after 24h in samples artifi cially contaminated with 2 cfu/mL. In addition, its concentration decreases progressively even in food products with a higher level of contamination (102 and 104 cfu/mL) stored at both -18°C and -10°C. Consequently, if the bacterium concentration is ≤100 cfu/mL, this value is not exceeded during and after the date of minimum durability, which is confi rmed. Therefore, regarding Listeria monocytogenes, the food safety criterion of 100 cfu/g can be used instead of absence in 25 g, when the product is placed on the market during its shelf-life

Detection and isolation of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O104 from sprouts

Abstract Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains belonging to serogroup O104 have been associated with sporadic cases of illness and have caused outbreaks associated with milk and sprouts. An outbreak that occurred in Europe in 2011 linked to fenugreek sprouts was caused by E. coli O104:H4 that had characteristics of an enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) but carried the gene that encoded for Shiga toxin 2. In this study, methods were developed for detection of this enteroaggregative STEC O104, as well as STEC O104 in sprouts. Multiplex PCR assays for enteroaggregative STEC O104:H4 targeted the stx2, aggR, and wzx104 genes, and for STEC O104 targeted the stx1-2, ehxA, and wzx104 genes. After incubating artificially contaminated sprouts at 4\ub0C for 48h and overnight enrichment in modified buffered peptone water with pyruvate supplemented with three antibiotics (mBPWp), the pathogens were detected in all samples inoculated at a level of ca. 100CFU/25g. Several samples inoculated at lower concentrations of ca. 10CFU/25g were negative by the PCR assays, and this could have been due to cells not surviving or not being able to recover after the stress treatment at 4\ub0C for 48h. For isolation of the pathogens, immunomagnetic separation (IMS) using magnetic beads coated with antibodies against O104 were employed, and this was followed by plating the beads onto mRBA and CHROMagar STEC O104 for isolation of E. coli O104:H4 and mRBA and CHROMagar STEC for isolation of E. coli O104:H7. Presumptive colonies were confirmed by agglutination using latex particles attached to antibodies against serogroup O104 and by the multiplex PCR assays. The methodologies described in this study for detection of enteroaggregative STEC O104:H4 and STEC O104 include the use of IMS and latex reagents for serogroup O104, and they enhance the ability to detect and isolate these pathogens from sprouts and potentially other foods, as well. \ua9 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V

Comparative Gene Expression Analysis of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium DT104 in Ground Chicken Extract and Brain Heart Infusion Broth

Salmonella enterica Typhimurium DT104 (S. Typhimurium DT104) is an important foodborne pathogen that is associated with poultry and poultry products. Currently, there is very little information on the underlying molecular mechanisms that allow DT104 to survive and propagate in poultry meat and the poultry processing environment. The current study assessed the global gene expression of DT104 in ground chicken extract (GCE) compared to brain heart infusion (BHI) medium using RNA-Seq technology. DT104 was grown to the early stationary phase (ESP), inoculated into GCE or BHI, and then re-grown to the log phase before RNA was extracted and transcripts were quantified by RNA-Seq. Gene expression for DT104 grown in GCE was then compared to that of DT104 grown in BHI for samples grown to the ESP. Growth in GCE resulted in the up-regulated expression of genes related to translation, carnitine metabolism (23–283-fold change), and cobalamin (vitamin B12) biosynthesis (14-fold change). In particular, the presence of carnitine in chicken meat, and thus, in GCE, which lacks carbohydrates, may allow Salmonella to utilize this compound as a carbon and nitrogen source. This study demonstrates that RNA-Seq data can provide a comprehensive analysis of DT104 gene expression in a food model for poultry products. This study also provides additional evidence for the importance of metabolic adaptation in the ability of S. enterica to successfully adapt to and occupy niches outside of its host and provides potential targets that could be used to develop intervention strategies to control Salmonella in poultry

Characterization of shiga toxin subtypes and virulence genes in porcine shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli

Similar to ruminants, swine have been shown to be a reservoir for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and pork products have been linked with outbreaks associated with STEC O157 and O111:H-. STEC strains, isolated in a previous study from fecal samples of late-finisher pigs, belonged to a total of 56 serotypes, including O15:H27, O91:H14, and other serogroups previously associated with human illness. The isolates were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a high-throughput real-time PCR system to determine the Shiga toxin (Stx) subtype and virulence-associated and putative virulence-associated genes they carried. Select STEC strains were further analyzed using a Minimal Signature E. coli Array Strip. As expected, stx2e (81%) was the most common Stx variant, followed by stx1a (14%), stx2d (3%), and stx1c (1%). The STEC serogroups that carried stx2d were O15:H27, O159:H16 and O159:H-. Similar to stx2a and stx2c, the stx2d variant is associated with development of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome, and reports on the presence of this variant in STEC strains isolated from swine are lacking. Moreover, the genes encoding heat stable toxin (estIa) and enteroaggregative E. coli heat stable enterotoxin-1 (astA) were commonly found in 50 and 44% of isolates, respectively. The hemolysin genes, hlyA and ehxA, were both detected in 7% of the swine STEC strains. Although the eae gene was not found, other genes involved in host cell adhesion, including lpfAO113 and paa were detected in more than 50% of swine STEC strains, and a number of strains also carried iha, lpfAO26, lpfAO157, fedA, orfA, and orfB. The present work provides new insights on the distribution of virulence factors among swine STEC strains and shows that swine may carry Stx1a-, Stx2e-, or Stx2d-producing E. coli with virulence gene profiles associated with human infections