Rola magnezu w patogenezie migreny. możliwości zastosowania związków magnezu w profilaktyce i leczeniu migrenowych bólów głowy

One of the major functions of magnesium is the maintenance of proper electric potential of neurons. Pathological conditions associated with systemic magnesium deficiencies may be associated with disturbance of numerous neurophysiological processes. These may include neuron function, transmission of nerve impulses, neuromuscular transmission, muscle contraction and vasomotor reflex. Therefore, magnesium deficiencies, particularly those associated with hypomagnesemia, are a source of problems for neurologists. Migraine is one of the most common neurological disorders. Despite many years of research, pathophysiology of migraine has not been elucidated. The predominant opinion is that the onset of migraine headaches is associated with cerebral vascular spasms. Based on the available knowledge of biological functions of magnesium, at least several feasible mechanisms for prevention or reduction of the intensity of migraine attacks by magnesium ions have been proposed. The goal of this review is to summarize the literature reports on magnesium in the pathogenesis of migraine and to identify the potential uses for magnesium compounds in prevention and treatment of migraine headaches.Jedną z najważniejszych funkcji magnezu jest utrzymywanie odpowiedniego potencjału elektrycznego komórek nerwowych. W stanach patologii związanych z ogólnoustrojowymi niedoborami magnezu może dochodzić do zakłócenia rozmaitych procesów neurofizjologicznych. Należą do nich m.in.: funkcjonowanie neuronów, przewodzenie impulsu nerwowego, przekaźnictwo nerwowo-mięśniowe i skurcz mięśni oraz odruch wazomotoryczny. Z powyższych względów stany niedoborów magnezu, zwłaszcza te przebiegające z hipomagnezemi ą, stały się problemem w praktyce klinicznej lekarza neurologa. Migrena jest jednym z najczęściej występujących schorzeń neurologicznych. Pomimo wielu lat badań, jej patofizjologia nie została jednoznacznie wyjaśniona. Aktualnie dominuje pogląd, iż pojawianie się migrenowych bólów głowy ma związek ze skurczem naczyń mózgowych. Na podstawie dostępnej wiedzy dotyczącej biologicznych funkcji magnezu zasugerowano istnienie przynajmniej kilku możliwych mechanizmów, za których pośrednictwem jony magnezu mogłyby zapobiegać pojawianiu się ataków migreny lub ograniczać ich nasilenie. Celem pracy było podsumowanie dostępnych w piśmiennictwie doniesień dotyczących roli magnezu w patogenezie migreny, a także wskazanie możliwości wykorzystania preparatów magnezu w profilaktyce i leczeniu migrenowych bólów głowy

The Content of Elements in Infant Formulas and Drinks Against Mineral Requirements of Children

Abstract The present study aimed at analysing the content of fluorine (F), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in the drinks for children and infant formulas, a popular supplement or substitute for breast milk produced from cow milk on an industrial scale. Ca, Mg, Zn and Fe concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer, while F levels using a potentiometric method. F levels in the examined formula samples increased with the intended age range, until the intended age of 1 year, and then decreased. A lower content of Ca, Mg and Zn was observed in formulas intended for children <1 year of age and higher for older children. Fe content increased with the age range. A statistically significant higher content of Ca, Mg, Zn and Fe in samples intended for children with phenylketonuria in comparison to those intended for healthy children or children with food aller-gies was noted. The content of the analysed elements in juices and nectars showed the highest contents in products intended for infants (under 6 months of age). The lowest levels of elements tested were found in drinks for children over 6months of age. In conclusion, the concentrations of the examined elements in infant formulas and juices for children were decid-edly greater than the standards for the individual age groups. Although the absorption of these elements from artificial prod-ucts is far lower than from breast milk, there is still the fear of consequences of excessive concentrations of these minerals

Effect of zinc supplementation on the distribution of lead in tissues of rats intoxicated by lead compounds

The permissible threshold level of lead in blood (Pb-B) is currently established at 5 mg dL-1, but evidence suggests that it is impossible to determine the safety threshold for lead (Pb) and any exposure, especially in children, must be considered as potentially harmful. Methods used to reduce the concentration of Pb in blood (e.g. EDTA, penicillamine) are not always effective and are associated with serious side effects. One of the proposed dietary supplements in the case of exposure to Pb and low blood Pb concentrations is zinc (Zn), but the published literature on its effectiveness is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to clarify whether Zn supplementation may help reduce the concentration of Pb in the blood and tissues of rats, at the Pb-B level previously recognized as safe. Tests were performed on 6-8 week old male Wistar rats. Rats were divided into control and experimental groups: Group C – rats receiving drinking water ad libitum for 4 weeks; Group Pb – rats receiving Pb acetate 0.1% (PbAc) in drinking water ad libitum for 4 weeks; Group Zn – rats receiving ZnCO3 300 mg kg-1 diet for 4 weeks; Group Pb+Zn – rats receiving PbAc in drinking water ad libitum plus 300 mg ZnCO3 kg-1 diet for 4 weeks. The applied dose of 300 mg of ZnCO3 kg-1 diet results in a high but non-toxic Zn level. The concentrations of Pb and Zn in blood, plasma, liver and bone were determined by emission spectrometry in inductively coupled argon plasma (ICP OES). Incidental exposure of adult rats to Pb at doses resulting in the level of Pb in blood below the previously recognized as safe one caused: (i) increased Pb concentration in the bones and plasma and its reduction in the whole blood and liver (ii) simultaneous supplementation of rats exposed to Pb with a high but non-toxic dose of zinc did not result in the reduction of the Pb concentration in the blood and tissues of rats, nor did it induce any changes in the distribution of Pb in the examined tissues (iii) supplementation of diets with a high but non-toxic dose of Zn is not an effective method of reducing the concentration of Pb in blood at Pb-B previously recognized as safe. However, the therapy consisting of zinc supplementation to support the action of chelators could be crucial for the elimination of Pb from the body

Effect of zinc supplementation on the distribution of lead in tissues of rats intoxicated by lead compounds

The permissible threshold level of lead in blood (Pb-B) is currently established at 5 mg dL-1, but evidence suggests that it is impossible to determine the safety threshold for lead (Pb) and any exposure, especially in children, must be considered as potentially harmful. Methods used to reduce the concentration of Pb in blood (e.g. EDTA, penicillamine) are not always effective and are associated with serious side effects. One of the proposed dietary supplements in the case of exposure to Pb and low blood Pb concentrations is zinc (Zn), but the published literature on its effectiveness is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to clarify whether Zn supplementation may help reduce the concentration of Pb in the blood and tissues of rats, at the Pb-B level previously recognized as safe. Tests were performed on 6-8 week old male Wistar rats. Rats were divided into control and experimental groups: Group C – rats receiving drinking water ad libitum for 4 weeks; Group Pb – rats receiving Pb acetate 0.1% (PbAc) in drinking water ad libitum for 4 weeks; Group Zn – rats receiving ZnCO3 300 mg kg-1 diet for 4 weeks; Group Pb+Zn – rats receiving PbAc in drinking water ad libitum plus 300 mg ZnCO3 kg-1 diet for 4 weeks. The applied dose of 300 mg of ZnCO3 kg-1 diet results in a high but non-toxic Zn level. The concentrations of Pb and Zn in blood, plasma, liver and bone were determined by emission spectrometry in inductively coupled argon plasma (ICP OES). Incidental exposure of adult rats to Pb at doses resulting in the level of Pb in blood below the previously recognized as safe one caused: (i) increased Pb concentration in the bones and plasma and its reduction in the whole blood and liver (ii) simultaneous supplementation of rats exposed to Pb with a high but non-toxic dose of zinc did not result in the reduction of the Pb concentration in the blood and tissues of rats, nor did it induce any changes in the distribution of Pb in the examined tissues (iii) supplementation of diets with a high but non-toxic dose of Zn is not an effective method of reducing the concentration of Pb in blood at Pb-B previously recognized as safe. However, the therapy consisting of zinc supplementation to support the action of chelators could be crucial for the elimination of Pb from the body

Immunosuppressive treatment during pregnancy as a potential factor changing magnesium, calcium and phosphorus levels in hard tissues of female rats and their offspring

Immunosuppressive therapy is necessary to prevent transplant rejection, also in the case of pregnant transplant recipients, which means that the medications may influence foetal development. An ideal immunosuppressive regimen should provide for excellent immunosuppression with minimal or no side effects. Yet, current immunosuppressive therapy regimens commonly used in clinical applications fail to meet this criterion. One of the complications caused by immunosuppressive drugs are mineralisation disorders in hard tissues. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the impact of three regimens of immunosuppressive therapy used after renal transplantation, containing medications which are indicated (prednisone, cyclosporine A (CsA), tacrolimus (Tc)) and contraindicated (mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), everolimus) during pregnancy on the concentrations of essential minerals, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg), affecting normal bone formation. The samples were analysed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, ICAP 7400 Duo, Thermo Scientific) equipped with a concentric nebuliser and a cyclonic spray chamber. The immunosuppressive regimens under study had no effect on the levels of Mg and P, but they did contribute to increased bone Ca levels in the mothers in the group receiving Tc, MMF and prednisone and group receiving CsA, everolimus and prednisone. In the offspring of tested mother rats, immunosuppressive therapies may affect Mg levels in hard tissues. The immunosuppressive regimens administered at therapeutic doses are harmful to rat foetuses as evidenced by the small number or lack of offspring in the tested groups

Fluoride in the Bones of Foxes (Vulpes vulpes Linneaus, 1758) and Raccoon Dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray, 1834) from North-Western Poland

Assessment of exposure to fluoride (F(−)) is increasingly focused on mineralized tissues, mainly bones. Their periodic growth and continuous reconstruction make them a good material for studying long-term F(−) accumulation. In this study, F(−)concentrations were determined in the bones of foxes and raccoon dogs from north-western Poland and relationships between bone F(−) and the age categories of the animals were attempted to be identified. Bone samples were collected from femurs of 32 foxes (15 males and 17 females) and 18 raccoon dogs (10 males and 8 females) from polluted, medium-polluted, and unpolluted by F(−) areas. Bone F(−) was determined by potentiometric method, and results were expressed per dry weight (dw); they ranged from 176 to 3,668 mg/kg dw in foxes and from 84 to 1,190 mg/kg dw in raccoon dogs. Foxes from north-western Poland accumulated much more F(−) in their bones than raccoon dogs. Our study shows that the assessment of hazards created by industrial emitters can be conducted conveniently by the measurements of fluorine content in hard tissues of wild animals. Due to availability of such type of material for studies, it seems that the analysis of fluoride content in bones can be a good tool in the development of ecotoxicology