Interpreter Education And Training In Yemen: A Case Study

Pendidikan dan latihan merupakan dua cabang pembelajaran; pendidikan berkait rapat dengan pemerolehan ilmu pengetahuan, dan pembangunan intelek, manakala latihan pula bertujuan memperoleh kemahiran khusus bagi melaksanakan tugasan yang diberikan dengan sebaik mungkin. Sebagaimana bidang-bidang lain, pendidikan dan latihan diperlukan dalam pengikhtisasan penterjemah dan jurubahasa. Program pendidikan dan latihan jurubahasa bermatlamat mengembangkan kemahiran dan pengetahuan yang diperlukan untuk menginterpretasi, dan untuk menyemai kesedaran terhadap tatalaku jurubahasa yang baik dan memantapkan keahlian sebagai pengamal dalam profesion ini. Di Yaman, pendidikan dan latihan jurubahasa ditawarkan menerusi satu atau dua kursus dalam program terjemahan. Tiada program yang direka khusus untuk melatih bakal jurubahasa. Education and training are two facets of learning; education is about gaining knowledge and developing intellect, whereas training is undertaken for the purpose of acquiring a specific skill to perform adequately a given task. Education and training are necessary for the professionalisation of translators and interpreters, as it is the case with other disciplines. The aims of interpreter education and training programmes are to develop the skills and knowledge required to interpret, and to develop an awareness of suitable conduct and membership as practitioners of a profession. In Yemen, interpreter education and training is offered as part of translation programmes in the form of two or three courses. There are no programmes designed specifically to train interpreters want-to-be. The aim of this study is to draw a complete picture of interpreter education and training in the Yemeni context which covers major educational issues including curriculum components, teaching and learning practices, and assessment procedures. This broad aim is achieved by conducting a case study of interpreter education and training offered at the University of Science and Technology which is the first university in Yemen to offer interpreter education and training at a bachelor’s degree level. To answer research questions, a mixed-method approach is adopted for the purpose of collecting data from different sources, and converging these data via triangulation

Plant virus inhibitors extracted from the Caryophyllaceae

Thirty species from the family Caryophyllaceae were found to contain inhibitors of local lesion production by TNV. The crude extracts of 20 species totally eliminated lesion production. Dilution experiments revealed the presence of at least two materials in the extracts of some species, an inhibitor which decreased and an augmenter which increases the number of lesions. Heat treatment decreases inhibitory activity in some species and not in other. Two species were studied in detail, Gypsophila paniculata which showed powerful inhibitory activity was partially thermostable and Minuratia capillacea which showed weak thermolabile inhibition. The constituents of Gp extracts acted as virus inhibitors rather than inactivators, survived at room temperature for 60 days, and were stable to a wide range of pH. Dialysis experiments confirmed that the inhibitory activity resided in both high and low molecular weight compounds. Ethanol or ammonium sulphate precipitation, and disc electrophoresis suggested that the inhibitors are composed in part, of protein and glycoprotein. Furthermore, inhibitory activity could not be attributed to RNA, but remained unchanged after incubation with each of three proteolytic enzymes, Sephadex G-100 gel filtration showed that Gp extract inhibitors to have a molecular weights of about 12,600 - 27,500 and 2,000 for the materials which eluted slowly. Ion exchange column chromatography on CM-52 cellulose showed that extracts contained at least three virus inhibitor fractions, one neutral and two basic in nature. The low molecular weight fraction, dialysable part, contained 17 free amino acids most of which had inhibitory activity against TNV, and 3 free sugars all of which stimulated local lesion production. Aqueous extracts prepared from G.paniculata and M.capillacea each inhibit local lesion production by TNV, TMV and PVX viruses. The G.paniculata inhibitors seem to have direct effects on TNV and some was precipitated on centrifugation. Minuratia inhibitors are not precipitated by centrifugation. Inhibition in both extracts influences host plants and acts either by altering the susceptibility of the cells to virus attachment, or perhaps allow penetration and prevent early events of virus replication. The crude extracts from Gp induced local and systemic resistance in untreated parts of the plant. Systemic resistance was induced on French bean leaves when Gp extracts were applied to their roots. The sample taken from resistant leaves contained an inhibitor of virus infection and showed 3 additional protein bands with molecular weights of 105, 94 and 40 x10-3daltons on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gp = Gypsonhila paniculata TMV = tobacco mosaic virusTNV = tobacco necrosis virus PVX ss potato virus X<p

Enhancing Exports through Managing Logistics Performance: Evidence From Middle East and African Countries

Logistics activities and its cost affect daily businesses operations and eventually the country’s economy. If countries are able to manage logistics performance efficiently it will be able to compete better internationally. The key objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between the logistics performance index and its components and exports focusing on Middle East and African countries using a regression model. Results of this study indicated that the logistics performance index positively enhance countries exports. In addition, logistics performance index components namely; customs, infrastructure, international shipments and timeliness have a significant impact individually, except for logistics quality, competence, tracking and tracing. The paper aims at supporting the economic policy maker to improve the economic decision in the field of logistics

Petrology and Geochemistry of Ourika Gneissic Rocks (High-Atlas, Morocco): Implications for Provenance and Geotectonic Setting

Gneissic terranes under studied are one of the various formations constituting the Ourika Old massif. They underwent a metamorphic evolution characterized by a first amphibole facies event and a second greenschist facies metamorphism. The high-grade metamorphism is related to a Pan-African orogenesis that produced subduction-related granitoids preserved as GAA and GBA gneisses. These two gneissic groups have different geochemical compositions which were likely linked to the protolith nature. Petrology and geochemical investigations reveal that the protolith of GBA gneisses is calc-alkali peraluminous S-type granodiorite and thus of GAA gneisses is calc-alkali metaluminous diorite. The GBA protolith showed a continental active margin characteristic that may belong to the earlier Pan-African event, at ~780 to 750 Ma, whereas the GAA protolith could be formed in the island arc/fore-arc event, at ~753 Ma. Both groups were ordered in two lines suggesting two different sources where the crustal intervention is more or less marked, by juvenile upper continental crust for GBA protolith, and by young lower continental crust for GAA protolith. Correlated to the anti-atlasic formations of the same age, the geochemical similarities suggest a comparable geodynamic evolution that is closely linked to a Neoproterozoic continental convergent margin in the north of West-African Craton (WAC), collided at late Pan-African orogenesis. This collision induced the strongly N-S deformation that was materialized by the overthrusting of the GAA protolith onto the GBA protolith, and by the forming of the Ourika gneissic massif as a submeridian dome. Keywords: Ourika old massif; gneissic protoliths; Pan-African orogenesis; mineralogy and geochemistry; geodynamic evolution

Clinical Assessment Of Arthroscopic Temporomandibular Joint Discopexy Using Wire Fixation Technique

Introduction Anterior disc displacement is one of the most frequent temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, which often results in clicking, joint pain, a limited range of motion and masticatory difficulties.Methodology Four subjects (with a total number of six joints) who had significant pain and dysfunction that did not respond to non-surgical therapy, went into arthroscopic disc repositioning using wire fixation for 3 weeks then it was removed, and the patient continued on occlusal splints.Results After six months postoperatively, there was a significant increase in the MIO (Maximum incisal opening) and an insignificant decrease in the pain perception in the VAS (visual analogue scale) Conclusion The study concluded that arthroscopic temporomandibular joint disc repositioning is an effective minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of some temporomandibular joint internal derangements refractory to conventional conservative therapy in regards to clinical outcomes

Phylogeography of E1b1b1b-M81 Haplogroup and Analysis of its Subclades in Morocco

In this work, we have analyzed a total of 295 unrelated Berber-speaking men from the northern, center and southern of Morocco, in order to characterize frequency of E1b1b1b-M81 haplogroup and to refine the phylogeny of its subclades: E1b1b1b1-M107, E1b1b1b2-M183 and E1b1b1b2a-M165. For this purpose, we have typed four biallelic polymorphisms: M81, M107, M183 and M165. As results, a large majority of the Berber-speaking male lineages belong to the Y chromosomal E1b1b1b-M81 haplogroup. The frequency ranged from 79.1 to 98.5% in all localities sampled. Then, the E1b1b1b2-M183 was the most dominant subclade in our samples, which ranged from 65.1% to 83.1%. In contrast, the E1b1b1b1-M107 and E1b1b1b2a-M165 subclades weren’t found in our samples. Our results suggest a predominance of E1b1b1b-M81 haplogroup among Moroccan Berber-speaking male with a decreasing gradient from south to north. Then, the most prevalent subclade in this haplogroup was E1b1b1b2-M183 in which difference between these three groups was statistically significant between central and southern groups