Fraude en productos financieros y compliance regulatorio: ¿Por qué se necesitan medios alternativos de control?

This article is based on an accumulation of much information and analysis of security frauds and regulatory compliance since the Wall Street Financial Implosion of 2008. Its objective is not about controlling high-risk securities frauds through improved identification and enhanced enforcement of existing (or new) administrative, civil, and/or criminal laws. On the contrary, it is about demonstrating the futility of these strategies and revealing the structural necessities for developing other means of social control. The article proceeds by locating financial global capital within the world economy so as to relate discussions of crime control within the framework of capitalist development. To advance my argument, I begin by describing the contradictory forces of free-market capitalism as well as the failures of securities law to deter Wall Street like financial frauds. I then turn to an appraisal of the inefficacies and noncontrols of state-legal interventions into high-stakes financial frauds. Finally, consistent with the building of a globally sustainable ecosystem, I present an array of policy prescriptions that could make a difference in the struggle against securities frauds.Esta presentación no es sobre controlar los fraudes de productos financieros de alto riesgo mediante la mejor identificación de los riesgos y una mayor aplicación de las leyes administrativas, civiles y/o penales existentes (o nuevas). Más bien, se enfoca en demostrar la inutilidad de estas estrategias y compartir la necesidad estructural de desarrollar otras formas de control social sobre los delitos de la economía. A fin de anclar las discusiones sobre la delincuencia y el control del delito dentro de las leyes de la expansión capitalista, primero procederé a ubicar el capital financiero global dentro de la economía política mundial. Para avanzar en el argumento de políticas alternativas, primero describo las fuerzas contradictorias del capitalismo de libre mercado, así como el fracaso de las leyes sobre productos financieros para impedir los fraudes financieros de Wall Street. A continuación, tomo en cuenta la falta de controles e ineficacia de las intervenciones estatales en los fraudes financieros de alto riesgo. Por último, en el marco de la construcción de un ecosistema globalmente sostenible, señalo más de 30 políticas alternativas o recomendaciones para manejar más eficazmente el dinero sucio, la delincuencia financiera y los delitos cometidos por corporaciones multinacionales de mucho poder. En conjunto, estas políticas alternativas de control no represivo de la financiarización del delito económico en general, y del fraude de productos financieros, en particular, giran en torno a la redistribución del poder social, político y económico como un plan para evitar futuras catástrofes comerciales, originadas principalmente por la creciente concentración del capital financiero global. Estas políticas también anticipan el distanciamiento de las economías de libre mercado y un corrimiento hacia economías sociales con mercados justos, no muy diferentes de lo que se ha venido desarrollando en la provincia canadiense de Quebec, durante las últimas dos décadas, y hacia economías locales más verdes como la de Portland, estado de Oregón, en los Estados Unidos

An Indirect-Effects Model of Mediated Adjudication: The CSI Myth, the Tech Effect, and Metropolitan Jurors\u27 Expectations for Scientific Evidence

Part I of this article defines the CSI effect, a phrase has come to have many different meanings ascribed to it. It emphasizes the epistemological importance of first describing the effect of the CSI effect as observed in juror behavior documented in a new study conducted in Wayne County (Detroit), Michigan, and then looking at causative factors that may be related to an explanation of those observed effects. Part II describes the methodology of the Wayne County study, provides a descriptive analysis of Wayne County jurors, and compares the jurors demographically to the Washtenaw County jurors who were surveyed in 2006. Part III analyzes the Wayne County study results with respect to jurors\u27 expectations and demands for scientific evidence. The Wayne County study findings reinforce the earlier Washtenaw findings of heightened juror expectations and demands for scientific evidence in almost every respect. This most recent analysis reinforces conclusions from the earlier study that there is no such causative relationship between watching CSI and heightened juror expectations and demands. Part IV explores the nature of the tech effect as one causative factor for those heightened juror expectations and demands as an alternative to the CSI effect. The results of regression analyses of new data provide some support for the 2006 study\u27s suggestion of a tech effect --that the broader changes in popular culture brought about by rapid scientific and technological advances and widespread dissemination of information about them is a more likely explanation for increased juror expectations and demand for scientific evidence. Part V provides an overview of contemporary perspectives of mass-mediated effects on public attitudes, behaviors, and expectations as a prelude to a suggested Indirect-Effects Model of Mediated Adjudication. The authors propose an indirect-effects model of juror influences that triangulates the potential interactive effects of a CSI effect myth with the likelihood of a tech effect in the context of the mass mediated effects of law and order or crime and justice news media

Beyond 'Criminology vs. Zemiology': Reconciling crime with social harm

Since its emergence at the start of the twenty-first century, zemiology and the field of harm studies more generally, has borne an ambiguous and, at times, seemingly antipathetic relationship with the better-established field of criminology. Whilst the tension between the perspectives is, at times, overstated, attempts to reconcile the perspectives have also proved problematic, such that, at present, it appears that they risk either becoming polarized into mutually antagonistic projects, or harmonized to the point that zemiology is simply co-opted within criminology. Whilst tempting to view this as nothing more than an academic squabble, it is the central argument put forward in this chapter that the current trend towards either polariziaton or harmonization of the criminological and zemiological projects, risks impoverishing both perspectives, both intellectually and, more fundamentally, in terms of their capacity to effect meaningful social change. To this end, this chapter offers a critical reflection of recent attempts to reconcile the social harm perspective with criminology, focussing in particular on Majid Yar’s attempts to do so using the concept of ‘recognition’ derived from critical theory. It is suggested that such attempts, whilst important in the contribution they make to developing a theory of harm, are necessarily flawed by their reliance on an implicit assumption of a shared conception of harm underpinning both the concept of ‘crime’ and ‘social harm’. By contrast, it is the central argument put forward in this chapter that zemiology and criminology are best understood as divergent normative projects which, whilst sharing many of the same goals with regards to the improvement of the criminal justice system and the tackling of social problems, differ primarily in the means by which they seek to achieve these. Therefore, rather than denying this debate through the collapsing of one perspective into the other, or polarizing them into hostiles camps, it is only by recognising the nature of this debate and fostering dialogue between the perspectives that we can achieve our shared goals and effect meaningful change

Alternativas ao controle de fraudes de valores mobiliários de alto risco: propondo mudanças estruturais na era do expansionismo financeiro e do capital global insustentável = Alternatives to high-risk securities fraud control: proposing structural transformation in an age of financial expansionism and unsustainable global capital

Tradução de Mariana Gastal.Revisão de Ricardo Jacobsen Gloeckner