Streptococcus suis in Humans, Thailand

Streptococcus suis in Humans, Thailan

Comparison of chemical constituents and antibacterial activities and antioxidant activities of the essential oil from leaves and fruits of Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss

The essential oils from the leaves and fruits of Bridelia retusa (L.) A.Juss. were isolated by hydrodistillation. The essential oils were obtained in 0.0013% yield as a pale yellow liquid and 0.0026% yield as a violet-light brown liquid for the leaf oil and fruit oil respectively. The composition of each essential oil was analysed by means of GC-(FID) and GC-MS. Eleven constituents accounting for 48.77% of total leaves oil were identified. The most abundant compound was phytol (33.4%), followed by phthalic acid (5.2%), 6, 13-dimethoxy-2, 3, 9, 10-tetramethylpentacene-1, 4, 8, 11-tetrone (3.4%), heptacosane (2.3%) and nonacosane (1.2%). Sixteen constituents accounting for 51.8% of total fruits oil were identified. The major components were dibutyl sebacate (25.6%), phytol isomer (4.8%), diacetin (4.3%), tricosane (3.9%), isophytol (2.7%), erucylamide (2.5%), phthalic acid (1.9%), hexadecanoic acid (1.5%) and eicosane (1.2%). The essential oils exhibited strong antioxidant activities with the IC50 values of 1.12±0.0010 mg/mL and 1.79±0.0005 mg/mL for the leaf and fruit essential oils respectively, by using the ABTS radical cation scavenging assay. The antibacterial activity of the essential oils was performed by using the standard disc diffusion method. The results revealed that the leaf and fruit essential oils of B. retusa were active against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) between 20-50 mg/mL

<span style="font-size:15.0pt;font-family:Times-Roman;mso-bidi-font-family:Times-Roman">Comparison of Chemical constituents and antibacterial activities and antioxidant activities of the essential oil from leaves and fruits of <i><span style="font-size:15.0pt;font-family:Times-Italic;mso-bidi-font-family:Times-Italic">Bridelia retusa </span></i><span style="font-size:15.0pt;font-family:Times-Roman; mso-bidi-font-family:Times-Roman">(L.) A. Juss. </span></span>

733-739The essential oils from the leaves and fruits of <span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:Times-Italic;mso-bidi-font-family:Times-Italic">Bridelia retusa <span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Times-Roman; mso-bidi-font-family:Times-Roman">(L.) A.Juss. were isolated by hydrodistillation. The essential oils were obtained in 0.0013% yield as a pale yellow liquid and 0.0026% yield as a violet-light brown liquid for the leaf oil and fruit oil respectively. The composition of each essential oil was analysed by means of GC-(FID) and GC-MS. Eleven constituents accounting for 48.77% of total leaves oil were identified. The most abundant compound was phytol (33.4%), followed by phthalic acid (5.2%), 6, 13-dimethoxy-2, 3, 9, 10-tetramethylpentacene-1, 4, 8, 11-tetrone (3.4%), heptacosane (2.3%) and nonacosane (1.2%). Sixteen constituents accounting for 51.8% of total fruits oil were identified. The major components were dibutyl sebacate (25.6%), phytol isomer (4.8%), diacetin (4.3%), tricosane (3.9%), isophytol (2.7%), erucylamide (2.5%), phthalic acid (1.9%), hexadecanoic acid (1.5%) and eicosane (1.2%). The essential oils exhibited strong antioxidant activities with the IC50 <span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Times-Roman;mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman">values of 1.12±0.0010 mg/mL and 1.79±0.0005 mg/mL for the leaf and fruit essential oils respectively, by using the ABTS radical cation scavenging assay. The antibacterial activity of the essential oils was performed by using the standard disc diffusion method. The results revealed that the leaf and fruit essential oils of <span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: Times-Italic;mso-bidi-font-family:Times-Italic">B. retusa were active against <span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Times-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family:Times-Italic">Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and <span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Times-Italic;mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Italic">Pseudomonas aeruginosa <span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Times-Roman;mso-bidi-font-family:Times-Roman">with the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) between 20-50 mg/mL. </span

Clinical and microbiological characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in northern Thailand.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are prevalent in Thailand. However, the clinical and microbiological characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in such patients are not completely clear at present. In the present study, we analyzed the characteristics of CAP in 191 HIV-infected patients (192 episodes, 130 males and 61 females, mean age 32.9 years, range: 20-62) who had been admitted to Nakornping Hospital in northern Thailand between December 1996 and January 2002. The mean peripheral blood CD4 lymphocyte count was 68.5/mm3 (range: 0-791). The most common organisms detected in the blood of the subjects were as follows: Penicillium marneffei, 13, Salmonella spp., 5, Cryptococcus neoformans, 4, Staphylococcus aureus, 3, and Rhodococcus equi, 3, and the most common organisms detected in sputum included Haemophilus influenzae, 38, P. marneffei, 10, Streptococcus pneumoniae, 10, R. equi, 9, and S. aureus, 9. Life-threatening meningitis in 5 (cryptococcal in 3 and tuberculous in 2), pneumothorax in 2, and tuberculous lymphadenitis in 1 were also noted, resulting in 21 fatalities (10.9%). The mean peripheral blood CD4 lymphocyte count for cases in which the subject died was 74.8/mm3 (range: 0-340). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that high age (odds ratio of over 40 years: 15.62) and R. equi infection (odds ratio: 8.14) are related to death of HIV-infected patients with CAP. The above findings indicate that various types of organisms, including mixed organisms, cause CAP in HIV-infected patients in northern Thailand, and high age and R. equi infection seem to be risk factors for death

Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Serotype Distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Serotype 19F, 6B, and 23F Pneumococci in Northern Thailand

Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae is widely spread worldwide. Our study was undertaken to examine the susceptibility and serotypes of S. pneumoniae in northern Thailand. Ninety-three S. pneumoniae strains were isolated from 93 patients at Chiang Mai University Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand, from September 1999 to June 2000. The strains were isolated from sputum (n = 51), blood (n = 15), nasopharynges (n = 14), and other sources (e.g., pus, ears, ascites, and cerebrospinal fluid) (n = 13). Of the 93 isolates, 29 (31.2%) were susceptible, 24 (25.8%) showed intermediate resistance (MIC, 0.12 to 1.0 μg/ml), and 40 (43.0%) were fully resistant (MIC, ≥2.0 μg/ml) to penicillin G. Seven (46.7%) from blood, 5 (35.7%) from nasopharynges, 15 (29.4%) from sputum, and 2 (15.4%) from other sources were susceptible isolates. Serotyping with the use of antiserum revealed differences in the predominant types that were susceptible (6A, 11A, and 19A), intermediately resistant (6B and 23F), and fully resistant (6B, 19F, and 23F). Molecular typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of multidrug-resistant pneumococci showed four patterns (A, B, C, and D) for 16 isolates of serotype 19F, with pattern B being predominant (12 isolates). This finding was different from that with the Taiwan multidrug-resistant serotype 19F clone. Eleven isolates of serotype 6B all showed pattern E, and nine isolates of serotype 23F showed two patterns (F and G), with pattern F being predominant (seven isolates). This finding was similar to that with the Spanish multidrug-resistant serotype 23F clone. Our results indicated that the resistance of pneumococci to antibiotics in northern Thailand is progressing rapidly and that effort should be intensified to prevent any spread of pandemic multidrug-resistant serotypes 19F, 6B, and 23F

Emergence of Rifampin-Resistant Rhodococcus equi with Several Types of Mutations in the rpoB Gene among AIDS Patients in Northern Thailand

The antimicrobial susceptibilities of 30 Rhodococcus equi isolates obtained from 30 patients between 1993 and 2001 in northern Thailand were investigated. The MICs showed a tendency toward resistance to various antibiotics but sensitivity to imipenem, minocycline, vancomycin, and teicoplanin (MICs, ≤0.5 μg/ml) and relative sensitivity to meropenem, clarithromycin, and ciprofloxacin (MICs, ≤2 μg/ml). Of the 30 isolates, 26 were susceptible (MICs, ≤1 μg/ml), 1 showed low-level resistance (MIC, 8 μg/ml), and 3 showed high-level resistance (MICs, ≥64 μg/ml) to rifampin. PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of the rpoB gene and molecular typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were performed for eight R. equi isolates from eight AIDS patients with pneumonia or lung abscess caused by R. equi between 1998 and 2001, including one low- and three high-level rifampin-resistant isolates. As a result, two high-level rifampin-resistant strains with PFGE pattern A had a Ser531Trp (Escherichia coli numbering) mutation, and one high-level rifampin-resistant strain with PFGE pattern B had a His526Tyr mutation, whereas one low-level rifampin-resistant strain with PFGE pattern C had a Ser509Pro mutation. Four rifampin-susceptible strains with PFGE patterns D and E showed an absence of mutation in the rpoB region. Our results indicate the presence of several types of rifampin-resistant R. equi strains among AIDS patients in northern Thailand