VIRTUAL ACCESS TO HERITAGE THROUGH SCIENTIFIC DRAWING, SEMANTIC MODELS AND VR-EXPERIENCE OF THE STRONGHOLD OF ARQUATA DEL TRONTO AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE

Interactive representation has proven to be an effective tool in various disciplines related to Digital Cultural Heritage (DCH). This study proposes a research method that uses interactive representation to share complex scenarios like the Stronghold of Arquata del Tronto, facilitating novel forms of heritage dissemination. The scan-to-BIM process made it possible to digitise complex structural elements damaged by the 2016 earthquake. The investigation of the complexity paradigm improved the reliability of the semantic model that supports the preservation process. Interoperability and accessibility paradigms were explored to create a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of the built heritage. A web-VR platform was developed to enhance user interaction and simplify virtual environment exploration without using complex hardware (VR headset and controllers), making it possible to experience VR in the browser

An Ontology-Based Representation of Vaulted System for HBIM

In recent years, many efforts have been invested in the cultural heritage digitization: surveying, modelling, diagnostic analysis and historic data collection. Nowadays, this effort is finalized in many cases towards historical building information modelling (HBIM). However, the architecture, engineering, construction and facility management (AEC-FM) domain is very fragmented and many experts operating with different data types and models are involved in HBIM projects. This prevents effective communication and sharing of the results not only among different professionals but also among different projects. Semantic web tools may significantly contribute in facilitating sharing, connection and integration of data provided in different domains and projects. The paper describes this aspect specifically focusing on managing the information and models acquired on the case of vaulted systems. Information is collected within a semantic based hub platform to perform cross correlation. Such functionality allows the reconstructing of the rich history of the construction techniques and skilled workers across Europe. To this purpose an ontology-based vaults database has been undertaken and an example of its implementation is presented. The developed ontology-based vaults database is a database that makes uses of a set of ontologies to effectively combine data and information from multiple heterogeneous sources. The defined ontologies provide a high-level schema of a data source and provides a vocabulary for user queries

Drug delivery systems for the photodynamic application of two photosensitizers belonging to the porphyrin family

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy involves the concomitant action of three components, light with an appropriate wavelength, molecular oxygen, and a molecule, able to absorb an electromagnetic radiation, called photosensitizer (PS). A fundamental aspect is the bioavailability of the PS that is directly related to some physicochemical properties of the PS itself as it should feature a certain degree of lipophilicity to easily cross the cell membrane, however, at the same time, should be sufficiently water-soluble to navigate in the bloodstream. Consequently, the use of a system for drug delivery becomes essential when photosensitizers with a high degree of lipophilicity are considered. In this work, we present three different drug delivery systems, microemulsions, emulsions and liposomes all capable of carrying a PS belonging to the porphyrin family: the tetraphenyl porphyrin (TPP) and the 4-hydroxyphenyl porphyrin (THPP), which show a relevant different degree of lipophilicity. A series of microemulsions (ME) and emulsions (E) were prepared, among which two formulations, one for THPP and one for TPP, have been chosen. The stability of these two carriers was monitored over time and under various temperature conditions. With the same criteria, two liposomal formulations have been also identified and analyzed. The four formulations mentioned above (one ME, one E and two liposomes) have been tested on SKOV3 tumor cell line comparing the photodynamic activity of the porphyrin formulations versus the aqueous/organic (DMSO) solution of the same two PSs. The results show that all the formulations have proved to be excellent carriers and that the liposomal formulation enhance the photodynamic efficacy of both porphyrins

A N-D VIRTUAL NOTEBOOK ABOUT THE BASILICA OF S. AMBROGIO IN MILAN: INFORMATION MODELING FOR THE COMMUNICATION OF HISTORICAL PHASES SUBTRACTION PROCESS

This essay describes the combination of 3D solutions and software techniques with traditional studies and researches in order to achieve an integrated digital documentation between performed surveys, collected data, and historical research. The approach of this study is based on the comparison of survey data with historical research, and interpretations deduced from a data cross-check between the two mentioned sources. The case study is the Basilica of S. Ambrogio in Milan, one of the greatest monuments in the city, a pillar of the Christianity and of the History of Architecture. It is characterized by a complex stratification of phases of restoration and transformation. Rediscovering the great richness of the traditional architectural notebook, which collected surveys and data, this research aims to realize a virtual notebook, based on a 3D model that supports the dissemination of the collected information. It can potentially be understandable and accessible by anyone through the development of a mobile app. The 3D model was used to explore the different historical phases, starting from the recent layers to the oldest ones, through a virtual subtraction process, following the methods of Archaeology of Architecture. Its components can be imported into parametric software and recognized both in their morphological and typological aspects. It is based on the concept of LoD and ReverseLoD in order to fit the accuracy required by each step of the research

Correction to: A Digital Workflow for Built Heritage: From SCAN-to-BIM Process to the VR-Tour of the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio in Milan

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Extended reality and informative models for the architectural heritage: from scan-to-BIM process to virtual and augmented reality

[EN] The dissemination of the tangible and intangible values of heritage building represents one of the most important objectives in the field of Digital Cultural Heritage (DCH). In recent years, different studies and research applied to heritage monuments have shown how it is possible to improve the awareness of the architectural heritage through the integration of latest developments in the field of 3D survey, 3D modelling, Building Information Modeling (BIM) and eXtended Reality (XR). On the other hand, this digital workflow requires a huge amount of data sources and a holistic approach to reach a high level of information sharing coming from different disciplines and sectors such as restoration, geomatics, 3D virtual museums and serious gaming. In conjunction with entertainment software and gaming, this research shows the main results obtained during the generative process of digital environments oriented to improve the level of information and to enrich the contents coming from the informative models. The case study is represented by one of the most important Lombard monuments: the Basilica of Sant’Ambrogio in Milan. This study, starting from the 3D survey and the data collection of the historical records of the church, improves the creation of an XR experience that reaches a new level of interactivity for different types of devices (desktop, mobile, VR headset) and users (experts, non-experts).Highlights:Generative modelling requirements and novel grades of generations (GOG) and accuracy (GOA) are presented in order to improve the digitisation of built heritage from the 3D survey, reducing time and costs of the scan-to-BIM process.The holistic value of generative modelling allows experts to create digital worlds able to faithfully and accurately represent the detected reality and improve new immersive environments for Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) projects.Immersive environments are created with a mixture of the latest generation software and hardware, allowing users to discover the hidden historical values of built heritage with new levels of interactivity and information.[ES] La divulgación de los valores tangibles e intangibles en el patrimonio construido representan uno de los objetivos más importantes en el campo del Patrimonio Cultural Digital (DCH). En los últimos años, diferentes estudios han demostrado la posibilidad de mejorar el conocimiento de nuestro patrimonio construido a través de la integración de los últimos desarrollos en el campo del levantamiento topográfico 3D, modelado 3D, Modelado de Información de la Construcción (BIM) y Realidad eXtendida (RX). Del mismo modo, se ha comprobado que este flujo de trabajo requiere de una gran cantidad de datos y un enfoque holístico con el fin de alcanzar un nivel alto de información compartida entre las diferentes disciplinas y sectores involucrados, como por ejemplo, la restauración, la geomática, los museos virtuales 3D y la industria del videojuego. Junto con el software de entretenimiento y los videojuegos, esta investigación muestra los principales resultados obtenidos durante el proceso de generación de entornos digitales orientados a mejorar el nivel de información y el contenido de uno de los monumentos más importantes en Lombardía: la Basílica de Sant’Ambrogio en Milán. Este estudio, que se inicia con el levantamiento 3D y la toma de datos provenientes de los registros históricos de la iglesia, está orientado a mejorar la creación de una experiencia de realidad extendida, con el objetivo de alcanzar varios niveles de interactividad a través de diferentes dispositivos (escritorio, móvil, auriculares de realidad virtual) y usuarios (expertos, no-expertos).Banfi, F.; Brumana, R.; Stanga, C. (2019). Realidad extendida y modelos informativos en patrimonio arquitectónico: del proceso scan-to-BIM a la realidad virtual y aumentada. Virtual Archaeology Review. 10(21):14-30. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2019.11923SWORD14301021Attar, R., Hailemariam, E., Glueck, M., Tessier, A., McCrae, J., & Khan, A. (2010). BIM-based building performance monitor. Invited Video at Symposium on Simulation for Architecture and Urban Design (SimAUD) 2010. Orlando, FL, USA. Retrieved from https://www.autodeskresearch.com/publications/bimdashboardvideoAzhar, S. (2011). Building Information Modeling (BIM): Trends, benefits, risks, and challenges for the AEC industry. Leadership and management in engineering, 11(3), 241-252. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LM.1943-5630.0000127Banfi, F. (2016). Building Information Modelling-A novel parametric modeling approach based on 3D surveys of historic architecture. In Euro-Mediterranean Conference (pp. 116-127). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48496-9_10Banfi, F. (2017). BIM orientation: grades of generation and information for different type of analysis and management process. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 42(2/W5), 57-64. 10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W5-57-2017Banfi, F. (2019). Holistic generative modeling process for HBIM (Doctoral dissertation, Politecnico di Milano, Italy).Banfi, F., Chow, L., Ortiz, M. R., Ouimet, C., & Fai, S. (2018). 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Arte Lombarda,140(1), 89-91.Bradley, A., Li, H., Lark, R., & Dunn, S. (2016). BIM for infrastructure: An overall review and constructor perspective. Automation in Construction, 71, 139-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2016.08.019Brumana, R., Condoleo, P., Grimoldi, A., & Previtali, M. (2019). Towards a semantic based hub platform of vaulted systems: HBIM Meets A GeoDB. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 42(2/W11), 301-308. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W11-301-2019Brumana, R., Condoleo, P., Grimoldi, A., Banfi, F., Landi, A. G., Previtali, M., (2018a). HR LOD based HBIM to detect influences on geometry and shape by stereotomic construction techniques of brick vaults. Applied Geomatics, 10(4), 529-543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12518-018-0209-3Brumana, R., Condoleo, P., Grimoldi, A., Landi, A. G., Attico, D., Turrina, A., & Banfi, F. (2018b). HBIM Feeding Open Access Vault Inventory Through GeoDB HUB. In M. Ioannidess, E. Fink, R. Brumana, P. Patias, A. Doulamis, J. Martins, M. Wallace (Eds.), Digital Heritage (pp. 27-38). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01762-0_3Brumana, R., Della Torre, S., Previtali, M., Barazzetti, L., Cantini, L., Oreni, D., & Banfi, F. (2018c). Generative HBIM modelling to embody complexity (LOD, LOG, LOA, LOI): surveying, preservation, site intervention-the Basilica di Collemaggio (L'Aquila). Applied Geomatics, 10(4), 545-567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12518-018-0233-3Cabrelles, M., Blanco-Pons, S., Carrión-Ruiz, B., & Lerma, J. L. (2018). From multispectral 3D recording and documentation to development of mobile apps for dissemination of cultural heritage. In T. Levy, I. Jones (Eds.), Cyber-Archaeology and Grand Narratives (pp. 67-90). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65693-9_5Cassina, F. (1844). Le fabbriche più cospicue di Milano. Milan: Domenico Pedrinelli (book consulted at the Historical Library, Politecnico di Milano).Castellazzi, G., D'Altri, A., Bitelli, G., Selvaggi, I., & Lambertini, A. (2015). From laser scanning to finite element analysis of complex buildings by using a semi-automatic procedure. Sensors, 15(8), 18360-18380. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150818360De Dartein, F. (1865-82). Etude sur l'architecture lombarde et sur les origines de l'architecture romano-bizantine. Paris: Dunod (book consulted at the Historical Library, Politecnico di Milano).Degli Abbati, S., D'Altri, A. M., Ottonelli, D., Castellazzi, G., Cattari, S., de Miranda, S., & Lagomarsino, S. (2019). Seismic assessment of interacting structural units in complex historic masonry constructions by nonlinear static analyses. Computers & Structures, 213, 51-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2018.12.001Gatti Perrer, M. L. (1995). Il tempio ininterrotto. Milan: Vita e Pensiero.Georgopoulos, A., (2018). Contemporary Digital Technologies at the Service of Cultural Heritage. In B. Chanda, S. Chaudhuri, S. Chaudhury (Eds.), Heritage Preservation (pp. 1-20). Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7221-5_1Gusmeroli, G., & Schiantarelli, G., (2014). From laser clouds to BIM and finite element analysis: the case study of Castel Masegra (Master thesis, Politecnico di Milano, Italy).Ioannides, M., Magnenat-Thalmann, N., & Papagiannakis, G. (Eds.) (2017). Mixed Reality and Gamification for Cultural Heritage. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49607-8Korumaz, M., Betti, M., Conti, A., Tucci, G., Bartoli, G., Bonora, V., Güleç Korumaz, A., & Fiorini, L. (2017). An integrated Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS), Deviation Analysis (DA) and Finite Element (FE) approach for health assessment of historical structures. A minaret case study. Engineering Structures, 153(15), 224-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.10.026Kumar, S. S., & Cheng, J. C. (2015). A BIM-based automated site layout planning framework for congested construction sites. Automation in Construction, 59, 24-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2015.07.008Lai, Z., Hu, Y. C., Cui, Y., Sun, L., & Dai, N. (2017). Furion: Engineering high-quality immersive virtual reality on today's mobile devices. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (pp. 409-421). Snowbird, Utah, USA. https://doi.org/10.1145/3117811.3117815Landriani, G. (1889). La basilica ambrosiana fino alla sua trasformazione in chiesa lombarda a volte. Milan: Hoepli.Lerma, J. L., Navarro, S., Cabrelles, M., & Villaverde, V. (2010). Terrestrial laser scanning and close range photogrammetry for 3D archaeological documentation: the Upper Palaeolithic Cave of Parpalló as a case study. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(3), 499-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.10.011Lusuardi Siena, S. (1997). Ambrogio, il costruttore sapiente. In M. Rizzi, C. Pasini, M. P. Rossignani (Eds.), La città e la sua memoria: Milano e la tradizione di Sant'Ambrogio (pp. 34-35). Milan: Electa.Mazzetti, P., Latre, M. Á., Ernst, J., Brumana, R., Brauman, S., Nativi, S. ( 2015). Virtual hubs for facilitating access to open data. EGU General Assembly Conference held 12-17 April, 2015 in Vienna, Austria.Obidah, R., & Bein, D. (2019). Game based learning using unreal engine. In S. Latifi (Eds.), 16th International Conference on Information Technology-New Generations (pp. 513-519). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14070-0_72Oreni, D., Della Torre, S., Brumana, R., & Banfi, F. (2017). Disegno e modellazione parametrica per la conservazione di un edificio monumentale danneggiato da un evento sismico. Dal rilievo al cantiere. ANANKE Speciale Geores 2017, 153-158.Oreni, D., Brumana, R., Della Torre, S., Banfi, F., & Previtali, M. (2014). Survey turned into HBIM: the restoration and the work involved concerning the Basilica di Collemaggio after the earthquake (L'Aquila). ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2(5), 267-273. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-II-5-267-2014Patetta, L. (2001). Bramante e la sua cerchia a Milano e in Lombardia 1480-1500. Milan: Skira.Peroni, A. (1987). Tradizione e innovazione in S. Ambrogio romanico. In C. Bertelli (Eds.), Il Millennio Ambrosiano, (pp. 156-172). Milan: Electa.Piegl, L., & Tiller, W. (2012). The NURBS book. Springer Science & Business Media. Cham: Springer.Previtali, M., Barazzetti, L., Banfi, F., & Roncoroni, F. (2019). Informative content models for infrastructure load testing management: the Azzone Visconti Bridge in Lecco. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 42(2/W11), 995-1001. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W11-995-2019Reggiori, F. (1949). Superstantia Sancti Abrosii Mediolani. Milan: A. Faccioli.Rossi, F. M. (1884). Cronaca dei ristauri e delle scoperte fatte nell'insigne basilica di S. Ambrogio dall'anno 1857 al 1876. Milan: Tipografia di S. Giuseppe.Santana Quintero, M., Blake, B., Eppich, R., & Ouimet, C. (2008). Heritage documentation for conservation: partnership in learning. In 16th ICOMOS General Assembly and International Symposium: 'Finding the spirit of place - between the tangible and the intangible'. Quebec, Canada.Stanga, C., Spinelli, C., Brumana, R., Oreni, D., Valente, R., Banfi, F. (2017). A N-D virtual notebook about the Basilica of S. Ambrogio in Milan: information modeling for the communication of historical phases subtraction process. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 42(2/W5), 653-660. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W5-653-2017Statham, N. (2019). Scientific rigour of online platforms for 3D visualization of heritage. 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Speaking up about patient safety concerns: view of nursing students.

BACKGROUND "Speaking up" is considered an important patient safety behaviour. The main idea is to voice patient safety concerns; however, several studies revealed that the organisational culture can be obstructive. In previous studies, we already identified barriers for doctors, nurses and medical students. In the current study, we explore how nursing students use "speaking up" during their internship in an academic teaching hospital. METHODS Between 2019 and 2020, 212 nursing students were invited to take part in the survey. The validated Speaking Up about Patient Safety Questionnaire (SUPS-Q) was used to assess speaking up behaviours in nursing students. The SUPS-Q consisted of three behaviour related scales (11 items), three culture related scales (11 items), a question regarding barriers to speak up as well as a clinical vignette assessing a hypothetical speaking up situation. RESULTS In total, 118 nursing students took part in the survey (response rate: 56%). Most of them noticed specific safety concerns, observed errors or rule violations. The vignette was seen as very realistic and harmful to the patient. However, the majority responded that they did not speak up and remained silent. They reported a rather discouraging environment and high levels of resignation towards speaking up. However, more advanced students were less likely to speak up than less advanced students (p = 0.027). Most relevant barriers were fear of negative reaction (64%), reaction not predictable (62%) and ineffectiveness (42%). CONCLUSIONS Survey results of nursing students imply that speaking-up behaviours and remaining silent are common behaviours and coexist in the same individual. The clinical vignette and barriers to speaking up revealed that a hierarchical system does not support speaking-up behaviours. Organizational development is needed to foster professional teamwork, support attentive listening, encourage critical thinking, and problem-solving skills

A Thorough Study on the Photoisomerization of Ferulic Acid Derivatives

AbstractA thorough study on the (E) to (Z) photoisomerization of ferulic acid derivatives (esters, amides of all types, and ketones) was carried out. At the photostationary state, only aliphatic or benzylic tertiary amides reach a nearly complete conversion of (E) isomers into the (Z) ones, whereas for esters, primary and secondary amides or aromatic tertiary amides mixtures of (Z)/(E) ranging from 7 : 93 to 72 : 28 are observed. Ketones show rather limited photoisomerization. However, (Z) ketones may be obtained by the reaction of organometal compounds with an isomerized (Z) Weinreb amide