Conditional and Reversible Activation of Class A and B G Protein-Coupled Receptors Using Tethered Pharmacology

Understanding the activation and internalization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) using conditional approaches is paramount to developing new therapeutic strategies. Here, we describe the design, synthesis, and testing of ExONatide, a benzylguanine-linked peptide agonist of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), a class B GPCR required for maintenance of glucose levels in humans. ExONatide covalently binds to SNAP-tagged GLP-1R-expressing cells, leading to prolonged cAMP generation, Ca2+ rises, and intracellular retention of the receptor. These effects were readily switched OFF following cleavage of the introduced disulfide bridge using the cell-permeable reducing agent beta-mercaptoethanol (BME). A similar approach could be extended to a class A GPCR using GhrelON, a benzylguanine-linked peptide agonist of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a), which is involved in food intake and growth. Thus, ExONatide and GhrelON allow SNAP-tag-directed activation of class A and B GPCRs involved in gut hormone signaling in a reversible manner. This tactic, termed reductively cleavable agONist (RECON), may be useful for understanding GLP-1R and GHS-R1a function both in vitro and in vivo, with applicability across GPCRs

Nucleosome Chiral Transition under Positive Torsional Stress in Single Chromatin Fibers

Using magnetic tweezers to investigate the mechanical response of single chromatin fibers, we show that fibers submitted to large positive torsion transiently trap positive turns, at a rate of one turn per nucleosome. A comparison with the response of fibers of tetrasomes (the (H3-H4)2 tetramer bound with ~50 bp of DNA) obtained by depletion of H2A-H2B dimers, suggests that the trapping reflects a nucleosome chiral transition to a metastable form built on the previously documented righthanded tetrasome. In view of its low energy, <8 kT, we propose this transition is physiologically relevant and serves to break the docking of the dimers on the tetramer which in the absence of other factors exerts a strong block against elongation of transcription by the main RNA polymerase.Comment: 33 pages (double spacing), 7 figure

Mécanisme d'activation au sein d'un dimère de récepteur couplé aux protéine G

Les récepteurs couplés de protéines G (RCPG) sont des capteurs biologiques polyvalents responsables de la majorité des réponses cellulaires aux hormones et neurotransmetteurs ainsi que des sens de la vue, de l'odorat et du goût. La transduction des signaux est associée à un ensemble de changements dans la structure tertiaire des récepteurs entraînant l'activation de partenaires intracellulaires dont les protéines G. La dimérisation est un élément central du mode de fonctionnement des RCPG ; cependant, son influence sur la façon dont le signal est transmis est encore mal définie.Nous avons utilisé ici le récepteur BLT1 du leucotriène B4 comme modèle afin d'analyser les changements de conformation au cours de l'activation. Pour cela, nous avons produit le récepteur suivant une approche qui consiste à l'exprimer dans les corps d'inclusion bactériens puis à le renaturer à l'aide de détergents et/ou surfactants originaux. L'accès au récepteur purifié nous a permis de montrer que la protéine G induit une asymétrie dans les changements de conformation au sein de l'homodimère de BLT1. De plus, nous avons pu établir que l'activation de la protéine G se fait essentiellement par le protomère ayant fixé l'agoniste (cis-activation). Enfin, nous avons montré que la forme monomérique du récepteur est parfaitement capable d'induire l'activation de la protéine G, même si le dimère apporte une modulation de la réponse. Ceci indique qu'un monomère de récepteur possède tous les déterminants moléculaires nécessaires à la transmission du signal. L'ensemble de ces résultats apporte un éclairage nouveau sur la façon dont les dimères de RCPG fonctionnent et peuvent moduler la réponse biologique.G-protein coupled receptors are versatile biological sensors that are responsible for the majority of cellular responses to hormones and neurotransmitters as well as for the sense of sight, smell and taste. Signal transduction is associated with a set of changes in the tertiary structure of the receptor that are recognized by the associated intracellular partners, in particular the G proteins. There is compelling evidence that GPCR can assemble as dimers but the way these assemblies function at the molecular level is still under investigation.We used here the leukotriene B4 receptor BLT1 as a model to analyze the conformational changes occurring during activation. To this end, we first produced the receptor in E. coli inclusion bodies and subsequently folded it back to its native state in vitro using original membrane mimetics. Using the purified dimeric receptor, we showed that (i) the G protein induces an asymmetric arrangement of the BLT1 homodimer where each of the protomers is in a distinct conformation, and (ii) the G protein is cis-activated, i.e. the protomer that binds the agonist also activates Ga. Finally, we brought evidence that, although the dimer fully activates its G protein partner, the monomer has per se all the molecular determinant for an efficient functioning. All these data are original evidence that sheds light into the way GPCR dimers are activated and in turn modulate G protein-mediated signaling.MONTPELLIER-BU Pharmacie (341722105) / SudocSudocFranceF

Activation of the Ghrelin Receptor is Described by a Privileged Collective Motion: A Model for Constitutive and Agonist-induced Activation of a Sub-class A G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)

555ZP Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:68International audienceThree homology models of the human ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) have been generated from the available X-ray structures of rhodopsin (RHO model), opsin (OPS model) and beta-2 adrenergic receptor (B2 model). The latter was used as a starting point for combined molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) and full atom normal modes analysis (NMA). A low-frequency normal mode (mode 16) perfectly reproduced the intracellular motions observed between B2 and RHO models; in the opposite direction along the same mode, the generated structures are closer to the OPS model, suggesting a direct link with GHS-R1a activation. This was in agreement with motions of the seven transmembranous segments, increase of the solvent accessibility of the 140-ERY-142 sequence, and flip of the Trp276 (CWLP) residue, some features related to GPCRs activation. According to our model, Hs280 was proposed to stabilize Trp276 in the active state; this was verified by site-directed mutagenesis and biochemical characterization of the resulting H280A and H280S mutants, which were fully functional but sharing an important decrease of their basal activities. Docking performed with short ghrelin derivatives Gly-Ser-Ser([octa])-Phe-NH2 and Gly-Ser-Ser([octa])-Phe-Leu-NH2 allowed the identification of a robust position of these peptides in the active site of the receptor. This model was refined by MDS and validated by docking experiments performed on a set of 55 ghrelin receptor ligands based on the 1,2,4- triazole scaffold. Finally, NIMA performed on the obtained peptide-receptor complex suggested stabilization of the Trp276 residue and of the whole receptor in the active state, preventing the motion observed along mode 16 computed for the unbound receptor. Our results show that NMA offers a powerful approach to study the conformational diversity and the activation mechanism of GPCRs. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Agonism, Antagonism, and Inverse Agonism Bias at the Ghrelin Receptor Signaling

International audienceThe G protein-coupled receptor GHS-R1a mediates ghrelin-induced growth hormone secretion, food intake, and reward-seeking behaviors. GHS-R1a signals through Gq, Gi/o, G13, and arrestin. Biasing GHS-R1a signaling with specific ligands may lead to the development of more selective drugs to treat obesity or addiction with minimal side effects. To delineate ligand selectivity at GHS-R1a signaling, we analyzed in detail the efficacy of a panel of synthetic ligands activating the different pathways associated with GHS-R1a in HEK293T cells. Besides β-arrestin2 recruitment and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, we monitored activation of a large panel of G protein subtypes using a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer-based assay with G protein-activation biosensors. We first found that unlike full agonists, Gq partial agonists were unable to trigger β-arrestin2 recruitment and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Using G protein-activation biosensors, we then demonstrated that ghrelin promoted activation of Gq, Gi1, Gi2, Gi3, Goa, Gob, and G13 but not Gs and G12. Besides, we identified some GHS-R1a ligands that preferentially activated Gq and antagonized ghrelin-mediated Gi/Go activation. Finally, we unambiguously demonstrated that in addition to Gq, GHS-R1a also promoted constitutive activation of G13. Importantly, we identified some ligands that were selective inverse agonists toward Gq but not of G13. This demonstrates that bias at GHS-R1a signaling can occur not only with regard to agonism but also to inverse agonism. Our data, combined with other in vivo studies, may facilitate the design of drugs selectively targeting individual signaling pathways to treat only the therapeutically relevant function

The novel nonapeptide acein targets angiotensin converting enzyme in the brain and induces dopamine release

Background and PurposeUsing an in-house bioinformatics programme, we identified and synthesized a novel nonapeptide, H-Pro-Pro-Thr-Thr-Thr-Lys-Phe-Ala-Ala-OH. Here, we have studied its biological activity, in vitro and in vivo, and have identified its target in the brain. Experimental ApproachThe affinity of the peptide was characterized using purified whole brain and striatal membranes from guinea pigs and rats . Its effect on behaviour in rats following intra-striatal injection of the peptide was investigated. A photoaffinity UV cross-linking approach combined with subsequent affinity purification of the ligand covalently bound to its receptor allowed identification of its target. Key ResultsThe peptide bound with high affinity to a single class of binding sites, specifically localized in the striatum and substantia nigra of brains from guinea pigs and rats. When injected within the striatum of rats, the peptide stimulated in vitro and in vivo dopamine release and induced dopamine-like motor effects. We purified the target of the peptide, a similar to 151kDa protein that was identified by MS/MS as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE I). Therefore, we decided to name the peptide acein. Conclusion and ImplicationsThe synthetic nonapeptide acein interacted with high affinity with brain membrane-bound ACE. This interaction occurs at a different site from the active site involved in the well-known peptidase activity, without modifying the peptidase activity. Acein, in vitro and in vivo, significantly increased stimulated release of dopamine from the brain. These results suggest a more important role for brain ACE than initially suspected