Immunoexpression of DNA fragmentation factor 40, DNA fragmentation factor 45, and B-cell lymphoma 2 protein in normal human endometrium and uterine myometrium depends on menstrual cycle phase and menopausal status

Introduction: DNA fragmentation factors 40 and 45 (DFF40 and DFF45) are final executors of apoptosis, and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) is a well-recognized apoptosis inhibitor. We aimed to evaluate DFF40, DFF45 and Bcl-2 immunoexpression in the normal human endometrium with respect to the glandular and stromal layer and in uterine myometrium. Material and methods: DFF40, DFF45, and Bcl-2 expression was assessed via immunohistochemistry in the endometrium and myometrium collected postmenopausally and premenopausally during the proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle. Results: Compared to the myometrium and stroma, endometrial glands showed the highest DFF40 and DFF45 expression in pre- and postmenopausal specimens. DFF45, but not DFF40, glandular expression dependent on menstrual cycle phase and DFF40 and DFF45 scoring was significantly lower in postmenopausal specimens. Significantly higher Bcl-2 expression was observed in proliferative glandular endometrium compared to secretory and postmenopausal specimens. No cycle- or menopause-dependent changes were reported for stromal or myometrial DFF40, DFF45 or Bcl-2 expression. DFF40, DFF45 and Bcl-2 expression was independent of age, age at menarche and menopause, BMI, menstrual cycle and menses lengths, parity and gravidity. Conclusions: The study provides important evidence regarding menstrual cycle-dependent changes in the expression of DFF40, DFF45 and Bcl-2 in the normal human endometrium, especially in the glandular layer, and shows that their levels are stable in the normal uterine myometrium

The influence of rainfall time and space changeability on runoff from model drainage areas

W artykule przedstawione zostały zagadnienia związane ze zjawiskiem opad-odpływ. W czasie kalibracji modelu symulacyjnego używane są standardowe parametry kalibracji. Jako dodatkowe czynniki wpływające na wyniki symulacji zostały wskazane: prędkość i kierunek przemieszczania się opadu w stosunku do zlewni. Obliczenia wykonano przy użyciu programu Epa SWMM 5.0. Wyniki przedstawiono w postaci graficznej dla zobrazowania zmienności odpływu ścieków.The problems connected with rainfall-runoff phenomena were presented. In calibration of simulation model user needs information about some standard calibration parameters. Additional parameters are: velocity and direction the rainfall is moving over the catchment. Computations were performed using Epa SWMM 5.0 program. Some of the result obtained were presented in graphical form to visualize how flow rate is changing