ent-(15S)-Pimar-8(14)-ene-15,16-diol

The title compound {systematic name: (S)-1-[(2S,4aR,8aR)-2,4b,8,8-tetra­methyl-2,3,4,4a,4b,5,6,7,8,8a,9,10-dodeca­hydro­phenanthren-2-yl]ethane-1,2-diol}, C20H34O2, is an ent-pimarane diterpenoid which was isolated from the stem bark of Ceriops tagal. In the asymmetric unit, there are two crystallographically independent mol­ecules, which are conformationally almost identical. In each mol­ecule, the two cyclo­hexane rings of the fused three-ring system adopt chair conformations, while the cyclo­hexene ring is in an envelope conformation, with the methylene C atom next to the side chain as the flap atom. In the crystal, mol­ecules are stacked in columns along the b axis through O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

The golden forest : part 1 : general report

Une enquête socioéconomique a été entreprise chez les "petits planteurs" d'hévéas au sud de la Thaïlande dans les provinces de Patani, Yala et Narathiwat. L'étude minutieuse des comportements sociaux et religieux met à jour les raisons pour lesquelles le transfert de technologie est un échec. Le comportement des paysans vis à vis de l'hévéa reflète leur système de valeurs : la production de caoutchouc naturel ne doit pas perturber les équilibres déjà définis de la production agricole, l'hévéa est plutôt ressenti comme une "tirelire végétale" nécessaire pour faire face à des besoins financier

Utilisation of coal ash to improve acid soil

The study on utilization of coal ash to improve acid soil was carried out in a greenhouse at the Land Development Regional Office 1, Pathum Thani Province, Central Thailand, from January-May 2003. Fly ash mixture (fly ash plus gypsum and lime at the proportion 5:4:1) and clinker ash mixture (clinker ash plus gypsum and lime at the proportion 5:4:1) were used as soil amendments at varying rates i.e., 0, 6.25,12.5, 18.75 and 25 t/ha to improve the soil. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of application of coal ash on acid soil and the growth of a vegetable (Chinese kale). Chinese kale cultivars were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Pak Chong soil series (Ultisols) was used as the growth medium. Twenty-day-old seedlings were transplanted in 270 pots (two plants per pot) containing acid soil with different treatments of coal ash mixture which were as follows: 1) control, 2) fly ash mixture 6.25 t/ha, 3) fly ash mixture 12.5 t/ha, 4) fly ash mixture 18.75 t/ha, 5) fly ash mixture 25 t/ha, 6) clinker ash mixture 6.25 t/ha, 7) clinker ash mixture 12.5 t/ha, 8) clinker ash mixture 18.75 t/ha and 9) clinker ash mixture 25 t/ha. Chemical fertilizers were applied at the rate of 250 kg/ha using a grade of 15-15-15 of N, P and K, respectively. Plants were harvested 40 days after transplanting. Among the treatments, application of fly ashmixture at a rate of 25t/ha (4t/rai) substantially increased soil pH up to 5.7. Fly ash was found more effective than clinker ash in increasing soil pH. The highest yield of Chinese kale was also obtained when fly ash mixture was applied at a rate of 25 t/ha followed by fly ash mixture at 18.75 t/ha and clinker ash mixture at 18.75 t/ha with an average yield per plant of 4.980, 3.743 and 3.447 grams, respectively. It can be concluded that the application of coal ash mixture, either fly- or clinker ash, at 18.75-25 t/ha (3-4 t/rai) was the most effective in terms of plant yield. The use of coal ash mixture increased cation exchange capacity, base saturationpercentage and Ca, Mg and S contents in the soil as well as plant uptake of N. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soil (Cd, As, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) were found to be within permissible levels while Cd, Cr and Ni in the plants were at critical levels for health