Supermarkets, New-Generation Wholesalers, Tomato Farmers, and NGOs in Nicaragua

Based on a survey of 145 tomato farmers and interviews with supermarket chains, NGOs, wholesalers, and farmer organizations in 2004, this paper examines the determinants and effects of farmers' participation in supermarket channels, with and without assistance from NGOs in "business linkage" programs. It finds that absent that assistance, the farmers that work with supermarket chains tend to be the "upper tier" of small farmers, better capitalized with various assets. The smaller and less-capitalized farmers that work with supermarkets tend to do so in association with NGO assistance. Despite higher input expenditures and entry requirements, farmers in the supermarket chain earn more. The paper discusses the issue of whether this development program approach is sustainable and can be upscaled, and wrestles with the tradeoff of helping poor farmers gain access to dynamic markets, of making it affordable at a larger scale by national governments with tight budgets, and at the same time field programs that are market-sustainable and market-responsive.Marketing,

PARAGUAYAN SUPERMARKET DEVELOPMENT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PRODUCE INDUSTRY

In the 1990s, the supermarket sector grew outpacing several times the economy's growth. Even when the sector was dominated by domestic firms and per capita income fell considerable, supermarkets increased their share on national Fresh Fruit and Vegetable (FFV) consumption from 10% in 1992 to 30% in 2001. The article analyses the rise of supermarkets and the impact of its procurement system on the produce industry using a value chain approach. It shows that as supermarket supply chains are buying less from domestic traditional wholesale markets and shifting toward importing, that means steadily falling demand for local suppliers. Also the implementation of international procurement systems put the growers in direct competition with the export markets but in their domestic markets.Marketing,

Cattle producers' participation in market channels in Central America: supermarkets, processors, and auctions.

This paper focuses on the determinants and effects of the participation of cattle producers in the supermarket channel, export processor channel, and traditional auction channel. It begins with the analysis of the market channels using qualitative data from 50 interviews of retailers, processors, auction market managers, and other key informants in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, two widely differing cases. It then analyzes patterns and supplies of producers by channel using farm level data (from the authors’ survey of farmers in 2004) from 300 farms in the two countries

Здоровьеформирующая функция образования в Российской Федерации (материалы к разработке национального проекта оздоровления подрастающего поколения России в период 2006 – 2026 гг).

Модернизация национальной системы физического воспитания имеет важное значение для формирования здоровья подрастающего поколения. В данной статье автором доказывается, что реальная и эффективная модернизации национальной системы физического воспитания может быть осуществлена только в случае придания ей статуса Национального проекта формирования здоровья населения Российской Федерации. = The modernization of the national system of physical education, providing the solution of the task of the active health formation of the Russian rising generation, important for the successful development of Russia can be carried out only in case of giving to the status of a wide-scale national project which model is offered by the author in the article

Supermarkets and Rural Livelihoods: A Research Method

This document presents a research method to analyze the access of small and medium farmers to the supermarket market, and the effect of such access on the producers' decisions and net incomes. The method was developed for and used in a study carried out in 2004 in three Central American countries.Labor and Human Capital, Marketing,