Comparison of pharmacokinetic variables for creatinine and iohexol in dogs with various degrees of renal function

estimates of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in dogs with various degrees of renal function. Animals—50 Great Anglo-Francais Tricolor Hounds with various degrees of renal function. Procedures—Boluses of iohexol (40 mg/kg) and creatinine (647 mg/kg) were injected IV. Blood samples were collected before administration and 5 and 10 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after administration. Plasma creatinine and iohexol concentrations were assayed via an enzymatic method and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. A noncompartmental approach was used for pharmacokinetic analysis. Pharmacokinetic variables were compared via a Bland-Altman plot and an ANOVA. Results—Compared with results for creatinine, iohexol had a significantly higher mean ± SD plasma clearance (3.4 ± 0.8 mL/min/kg vs 3.0 ± 0.7 mL/min/kg) and a significantly lower mean volume of distribution at steady state (250 ± 37 mL/kg vs 539 ± 73 mL/kg), mean residence time (80 ± 31 minutes vs 195 ± 73 minutes), and mean elimination half-life (74 ± 20 minutes vs 173 ± 53 minutes). Despite discrepancies between clearances, especially for high values, the difference was < 0.6 mL/min/kg for 34 (68%) dogs. Three dogs with a low GFR (< 2 mL/min/kg) were classified similarly by both methods. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Plasma iohexol and creatinine clearances can be used interchangeably for screening patients suspected of having chronic kidney disease (ie, low GFR), but large differences may exist for dogs with a GFR within or above the reference range. (Am J Vet Res 2012;73:1841–1847

Basal plasma concentrations of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in clinically healthy adult small size dogs: effect of body weight, age, gender and breed, and reference intervals.

International audiencePlasma NT-proBNP has previously been evaluated in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD). However, reference intervals (RI) established according to the Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute (CLSI) recommendations have never been provided. The objectives of this prospective study were to assess effects of breed, body weight, age, and sex on plasma NT-proBNP, and to establish RI according to CLSI for this biomarker in a large population of dogs predisposed to DMVD. 183 Healthy small-sized dogs from 7 breeds were included. Assays were performed by ELISA. Effects of covariates were tested using a general linear model. Although a sex effect was demonstrated (P=0.01), no significant effect of breed, body weight or age was shown. The proposed RI was 157-2842 pmol/L. 7% of dogs had plasma NT-proBNP >2617 pmol/L, and were considered as outliers despite normal cardiovascular examination. In conclusion, plasma NT-proBNP may be high in a few healthy small-sized dogs

Basal plasma concentrations of routine variables and packed cell volume in clinically healthy adult small-sized dogs: effect of breed, body weight, age, and gender, and establishment of reference intervals.

International audiencePlasma variables may be affected by breed or body weight (BW). Small-sized dogs are very common, but no specific reference intervals (RI) are used. The primary objective of this prospective study was to assess the potential effect of breed, BW, age, and sex on routine plasma analytes and packed cell volume (PCV) in small-sized dogs. A secondary objective was to establish RI in this small-sized population Blood was sampled under standardized conditions from healthy dogs. PCV and 15 routine plasma variables were measured at the same laboratory. Effects of breed, BW, age, and sex were tested using a general linear model. The procedure recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute was used to establish RI In this study, 154 healthy dogs from 7 breeds were prospectively included. Although a significant effect of breed, BW, sex, or age was evidenced for most variables (except plasma sodium, phosphates, and triglycerides), it was considered as clinically irrelevant. More strikingly, the percentage of values in the reference sample group under the lower limit of the laboratory's RI ranged from 3.8% to 76.6% for 9 variables, and those higher than the upper limit of the laboratory's RI ranged from 4.5% to 9.7% for 7 variables. For example, the RI for creatinine in small-sized dogs was 45-90 μmol/L (vs 54-144 μmol/L for the general dog population).[ Specific RI should be considered for PCV and selected plasma variables in small-sized dogs

Comparison of pharmacokinetic variables for creatinine and iohexol in dogs with various degrees of renal function

estimates of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in dogs with various degrees of renal function.Animals—50 Great Anglo-Francais Tricolor Hounds with various degrees of renal function.Procedures—Boluses of iohexol (40 mg/kg) and creatinine (647 mg/kg) were injected IV.Blood samples were collected before administration and 5 and 10 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 6, and8 hours after administration. Plasma creatinine and iohexol concentrations were assayedvia an enzymatic method and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Anoncompartmental approach was used for pharmacokinetic analysis. Pharmacokineticvariables were compared via a Bland-Altman plot and an ANOVA.Results—Compared with results for creatinine, iohexol had a significantly higher mean ±SD plasma clearance (3.4 ± 0.8 mL/min/kg vs 3.0 ± 0.7 mL/min/kg) and a significantly lowermean volume of distribution at steady state (250 ± 37 mL/kg vs 539 ± 73 mL/kg), meanresidence time (80 ± 31 minutes vs 195 ± 73 minutes), and mean elimination half-life (74 ±20 minutes vs 173 ± 53 minutes). Despite discrepancies between clearances, especially forhigh values, the difference was < 0.6 mL/min/kg for 34 (68%) dogs. Three dogs with a lowGFR (< 2 mL/min/kg) were classified similarly by both methods.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Plasma iohexol and creatinine clearances can beused interchangeably for screening patients suspected of having chronic kidney disease (ie,low GFR), but large differences may exist for dogs with a GFR within or above the referencerange. (Am J Vet Res 2012;73:1841–1847

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON A SURVEY IN THE HAZIMAH PLAINS: A HAMAD

Archaeology of the Near Eas