62 research outputs found

    The measurement of dissolved oxygen today - tradition and topicality

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    Today, the determination of the dissolved oxygen content of natural waters is practically an essential duty whenever background data is collected for investigations of a hydrobiological, ecological, and nature or environmental protection viewpoint. If the method by which the measurements are carried out is concerned, it can be stated that the 120 year old, classical Winkler-method is inevitable even today. However the development of hydroecological sciences have laid claim to such expectations that the necessity of in situ oxygen determinations have become increasingly important. In our work we present the survival of the traditional Winkler-method in the present practice, we review all those viewpoints which have facilitated the widespread application of in situ oxygen determinations as well as the methods of all the measurements that are presently regularly applied in the investigations of natural waters

    Pallådium-szalån komplexek flexibilitåsånak modellezése: Modeling the flexibility of palladium-salan complexes

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    A novel simple topological description of metal-salen-type complexes is presented through the palladium-(sulfo)salan model compound. The selected coordinates with which we define the spatial position of the spine and arms are suitable for systematic conformational analysis, which also makes it possible to find less favorable conformers by quantum chemical methods. Comparison of different compounds and isomers becomes easy using these coordinates.Palladium-salan complexes are also used in hydrogenation reactions, the catalytically active form of which, the monohydride complex, can be formed in several possible ways. In the first step of the process, the substitution of the phenolate arm and the hydrogen molecule takes place directly or via an aqua-complex intermediate, indirectly. Direct proton transfer from the coordinated hydrogen molecule to the oxygen of the phenolate arm is preferred, which in most cases is the rate-determining step. We also examined the emerging hydrogen bridge types, among which we found characteristic patterns. Kivonat A pallĂĄdium-(szulfo)szalĂĄn modellvegyĂŒleten keresztĂŒl mutatjuk be a fĂ©m-szalĂ©n tĂ­pusĂș komplexek egy Ășj Ă©s egyszerƱ topolĂłgiai leĂ­rĂĄsĂĄt. A kivĂĄlasztott koordinĂĄtĂĄk, melyekkel a gerinc Ă©s a karok tĂ©rĂĄllĂĄsĂĄt definiĂĄljuk, alkalmasak a szisztematikus konformĂĄciĂł-analĂ­zisre, ami a kevĂ©sbĂ© kedvezƑ konformerek megtalĂĄlĂĄsĂĄt is lehetƑvĂ© teszi kvantumkĂ©miai mĂłdszerrel. A kĂŒlönbözƑ vegyĂŒletek Ă©s izomerek összehasonlĂ­tĂĄsa egyszerƱvĂ© vĂĄlik ezen koordinĂĄtĂĄk alkalmazĂĄsĂĄval.A pallĂĄdium-szalĂĄn komplexeket hidrogĂ©nezĂ©si reakciĂłban is alkalmazzĂĄk, melyek katalitikusan aktĂ­v formĂĄja, a monohidrido-komplex több lehetsĂ©ges Ășton is kialakulhat. A folyamat elsƑ lĂ©pĂ©sĂ©ben a fenolĂĄt kar Ă©s a hidrogĂ©nmolekula szubsztitĂșciĂłja valĂłsul meg direkt, vagy egy akvakomplex intermedieren keresztĂŒl, indirekt mĂłdon. A koordinĂĄlt hidrogĂ©nmolekulĂĄrĂłl a fenolĂĄt kar oxigĂ©njĂ©re törtĂ©nƑ közvetlen protontranszfer preferĂĄlt, ami a legtöbb esetben a sebessĂ©gmeghatĂĄrozĂł lĂ©pĂ©s. TovĂĄbbĂĄ megvizsgĂĄltuk a kialakulĂł hidrogĂ©n-hĂ­d tĂ­pusokat, melyek közt jellegzetes mintĂĄzatokat talĂĄltunk

    KlĂłrozott szĂ©nhidrogĂ©n szennyezƑk fitoplankton közössĂ©gekre gyakorolt hatĂĄsĂĄnak vizsgĂĄlata mikrokozmosz-kĂ­sĂ©rletekben

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    MunkĂĄnk sorĂĄn hĂĄrom kismolekulĂĄjĂș klĂłrozott szĂ©nhidrogĂ©n, a triklĂłretilĂ©n, a tetraklĂłretilĂ©n Ă©s a tetraklĂłretĂĄn hatĂĄsĂĄt vizsgĂĄltuk terepi körĂŒlmĂ©nyeket imitĂĄlĂł mikrokozmosz kĂ­sĂ©rletekben tavaszi Ă©s nyĂĄri fitoplankton egyĂŒttesekkel. Az eredmĂ©nyek azt mutatjĂĄk, hogy a klĂłrozott szĂ©nhidrogĂ©nek hatĂĄsa termĂ©szetes rendszerekben nagymĂ©rtĂ©kben fĂŒgg a fitoplankton egyĂŒttesek összetĂ©telĂ©tƑl, a dominĂĄns fajoktĂłl, azok Ă©rzĂ©kenysĂ©gĂ©tƑl. A vizsgĂĄlatok sorĂĄn a Trachelomonas ostorosok, Ă©s a Cyclotella kovaalgĂĄk mutattĂĄk a legkisebb Ă©rzĂ©kenysĂ©get, a Chlorellales Ă©s Chlamydomonadales rendekbe tartozĂł zöldalgĂĄk szintĂ©n alacsony, a Sphaeropleales rendbe tartozĂł zöldalga fajok pedig mĂ©rsĂ©kelt Ă©rzĂ©kenysĂ©get mutattak. Ezzel szemben a CryptophytĂĄk szinte teljesen eltƱntek a kezelĂ©sek hatĂĄsĂĄra. A klĂłrozott szĂ©nhidrogĂ©n szennyezƑk tehĂĄt kedvezƑtlenĂŒl hathatnak a fitoplankton egyĂŒttesek összetĂ©telĂ©re, azonban a diverzebb (esetĂŒnkben tavaszi) ökoszisztĂ©mĂĄban nagyobb arĂĄnyban voltak jelen olyan fajok, amelyek ellenĂĄlltak a zavarĂĄsnak Ă©s ez lehetƑvĂ© tette, hogy ellensĂșlyozzĂĄk a mĂĄs fajok eltƱnĂ©sĂ©bƑl szĂĄrmazĂł funkcionĂĄlis kĂĄrosodĂĄst

    Stabilizing effect of WWTP discharge on water quality and fish assemblage structure

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    We examined the effluent from a municipal (Nyiregyhaza, Hungary) wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) on hydrophysicochemical properties and on diversity, community structure, and stability of fish assemblages at the recipient low flow channel system during a two-year period. The WWTP outflow increased significantly the nutrient concentrations (e.g. NO2 and NO3 concentrations increased to 4x and 8x respectively), and the regime (with the permanent ~0.23m3/s load) at the recipient channel sections. The wastewater outflow not only altered, but stabilized the physico-chemical variables measured, and the water regime in the recipient channels. Thus the natural, periodic fluctuation of the environmental variables was diminished in the study period. The WWTP outflow caused significant changes in the fish fauna as well. High abundances and taxa richness were found in the stocks inhabiting the charged watercourse sections. At the same time, species composition and relative abundances of fish stocks proved to be more constant at the impaired sites. Our results show that the WWTP outflow caused altered, but significantly more stable environmental conditions. These alterations were favourable for the emergence of a more diverse and more stable fish community on the recipient channel sections. Hence, the dynamic variability in fish assemblage structure that is characteristic of natural lowland stream was not apparent in these perturbed, semi natural habitats

    Revealing components of the galaxy population through nonparametric techniques

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    The distributions of galaxy properties vary with environment, and are often multimodal, suggesting that the galaxy population may be a combination of multiple components. The behaviour of these components versus environment holds details about the processes of galaxy development. To release this information we apply a novel, nonparametric statistical technique, identifying four components present in the distribution of galaxy Hα\alpha emission-line equivalent-widths. We interpret these components as passive, star-forming, and two varieties of active galactic nuclei. Independent of this interpretation, the properties of each component are remarkably constant as a function of environment. Only their relative proportions display substantial variation. The galaxy population thus appears to comprise distinct components which are individually independent of environment, with galaxies rapidly transitioning between components as they move into denser environments.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
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