Embedding of prime ideal sum graph of a commutative ring on surfaces

Let $R$ be a commutative ring with unity. The prime ideal sum graph $\text{PIS}(R)$ of the ring $R$ is the simple undirected graph whose vertex set is the set of all nonzero proper ideals of $R$ and two distinct vertices $I$ and $J$ are adjacent if and only if $I + J$ is a prime ideal of $R$. In this paper, we classify non-local commutative rings $R$ such that $\text{PIS}(R)$ is of crosscap at most two. We prove that there does not exist a finite non-local commutative ring whose prime ideal sum graph is projective planar. Further, we classify non-local commutative rings of genus one prime ideal sum graphs. Moreover, we classify finite non-local commutative rings for which the prime ideal sum graph is split graph, threshold graph, cograph, cactus graph and unicyclic, respectively

Characterization of rings with genus two cozero-divisor graphs

Let $R$ be a ring with unity. The cozero-divisor graph of a ring $R$ is an undirected simple graph whose vertices are the set of all non-zero and non-unit elements of $R$ and two distinct vertices $x$ and $y$ are adjacent if and only if $x \notin Ry$ and $y \notin Rx$. The reduced cozero-divisor graph of a ring $R$, is an undirected simple graph whose vertex set is the set of all nontrivial principal ideals of $R$ and two distinct vertices $(a)$ and $(b)$ are adjacent if and only if $(a) \not\subset (b)$ and $(b) \not\subset (a)$. In this paper, we characterize all classes of finite non-local commutative rings for which the cozero-divisor graph and reduced cozero-divisor graph is of genus two.Comment: 16 Figure

Wiener index of the Cozero-divisor graph of a finite commutative ring

Let $R$ be a ring with unity. The cozero-divisor graph of a ring $R$, denoted by $\Gamma'(R)$, is an undirected simple graph whose vertices are the set of all non-zero and non-unit elements of $R$, and two distinct vertices $x$ and $y$ are adjacent if and only if $x \notin Ry$ and $y \notin Rx$. In this article, we extend some of the results of [24] to an arbitrary ring. In this connection, we derive a closed-form formula of the Wiener index of the cozero-divisor graph of a finite commutative ring $R$. As applications, we compute the Wiener index of $\Gamma'(R)$, when either $R$ is the product of ring of integers modulo $n$ or a reduced ring. At the final part of this paper, we provide a SageMath code to compute the Wiener index of the cozero-divisor graph of these class of rings including the ring $\mathbb{Z}_{n}$ of integers modulo $n$

Comparison between Dexamethasone and Clonidine as an adjuvant to 0.5% Levobupivacaine in Supraclavicular brachial plexus block

Background: Regional anesthesia avoids airway instrumentation, preserves conscious level and provide rapid recovery with significant postoperative analgesia. There has always been a search for adjuvants to the regional nerve block with drugs that prolong the duration of analgesia but with lesser adverse effects. The search for the ideal additive still continues, and therefore in this study, we investigated the effects of addition of dexamethasone versus clonidine to levobupivacaine for supraclavicular brachial plexus block. The primary outcome of this study was the onset and duration of sensory block, motor block, and the secondary outcome was postoperative analgesia. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the effect of dexamethasone and clonidine on onset and duration of anesthesia, when used as an adjuvant to levobupivacaine in supraclavicular brachial plexus block. 7. Materials and Methods: In this prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial, 60 patients with American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status I/II scheduled to undergo upper limb surgeries below shoulder were enrolled. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: Group I (n=30): 20 mL of 0.5% isobaric levobupivacaine with 2 mL of dexamethasone. Group II (n=30): 20 mL of 0.5% isobaric levobupivacaine and 30 mcg clonidine (diluted in normal saline, making volume of 2 mL). Results: Clonidine when added to levobupivacaine provide early onset of sensory and motor block but less duration of analgesia and motor blockade as compared to dexamethasone. Conclusion: Dexamethasone should be preferred as compared to clonidine as an adjuvant whenever longer duration of post-operative analgesia is required

Lateral Flow Nucleic Acid Biosensor for the Detection of Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Nucleic acid detection is of central importance for the diagnosis and treatment of genetic diseases, infectious agents, bio-warfare agents, and drug discovery. Nucleic acid testing for diseases is exclusively performed in laboratories using high-end instrumentation and personnel. However, this has developed the need for point of care diagnostics which can provide near-patient testing in a clinic, doctor’s office, or home. Such diagnostic tools can prove advantageous when rapid response is required or when suitable facilities are unavailable. Compared to equivalent methods used in laboratories, point of care testing is more affordable, as it eliminates the need for expensive instrumentation and skilled labor. One option involves the use of lateral flow assays. Pre-fabricated strips of dry reagents activated upon fluid application are already used in diagnostics, such as to ascertain pregnancy. Nucleic acid based detection assays on lateral flow offer several advantages over traditional microbiological detection methods. In this work we introduce a lateral flow biosensor that can combine the optical properties of nanoparticles (such as gold nanoparticles) with conventional immunoassay techniques to deliver a simple platform for rapid analysis of DNA with high sensitivity and selectivity. The quick 30 minute assay provides a platform to detect multiple nucleic acids with high efficiency achieved via chromatographic separation sandwich-type DNA hybridization reactions. Captured gold nanoparticles on the device can provide qualitative analysis by observing the color change to red and a semi-quantitative analysis via a strip reader. The biosensor was applied to the detection of human genomic DNA directly with high sensitivity and selectivity. The work was further expanded to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae samples using nucleic acid amplification to generate large numbers of target copies. Improvements were made in the preparation of the biosensor to enable detection of Human Papilloma Virus Type-16. The clinical samples obtained were amplified using PCR for direct detection on the lateral flow biosensor without interference from other HPV types (e.g. HPV 18). The feasibility of the biosensor shows great potential for further development to assure its use in point of care diagnosis. The promising properties of the biosensor are reported in this dissertation

Application of Random Search Technique to Optimize Performance of Solar Air Heater

The present study involves implementation of random search technique in order to optimizethe thermal performance of a flat-plate solar air heater. The maximum thermal performancewas evaluated over a wide range of operating conditions and the optimal sets of design andoperating parameters were predicted. The range of input data considered in this studyincludes: Reynolds number, tilt angle, solar radiation intensity, emissivity of glass plate,number of glass cover plates and surrounding temperature. In this work, thermalperformance corresponding to optimal set of parameters has been evaluated

A designer membrane tool-box with a mixed metal organic framework and RAFT-synthesized antibacterial polymer perform in tandem towards desalination, antifouling and heavy metal exclusion

The main barrier towards quick water remediation in modern membrane based technology is multiple pre-filtration steps which target impurities like pathogens and macromolecules prior to reaching the membrane module. This pre-filtration unit requires frequent replacement, which adds to the maintenance cost. This study targets the key requirements for effective water remediation such as a stringent bactericidal response, reversible fouling, heavy metal removal and desalination packed into a single tool-box designed using a mixed metal-organic framework (MMOF) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT)-synthesized antibacterial polymer from a quaternary ammonium compound, hyper branched amine and phosphonium based homo/co-polymers. In this module the MMOF is sandwiched between the active layer (RAFT synthesized polymer) and commercially available reverse osmosis membrane which work in tandem for effective desalination, antifouling and heavy metal removal. The selective exclusion of water through the nano-channeled MMOF and microporous active layer led to an unimpeded water flux in the range of 14-24 LMH (L m(-2) h(-1)). The in vitro cytotoxicity tests on the permeate were carried out using water soluble tetrazolium (WST-1) assay and fluorescence microscopy. A 7-fold bacterial reduction mediated by generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species was observed besides unimpeded permeation of water and excellent anti-fouling properties. With >97.5% removal of divalent and monovalent salts and >95% removal of heavy metals, our membranes offer great promise in the domain of water remediation

Transformation of Mungbean Plants for Salt and Drought Tolerance by introducing a gene for an osmoprotectant glycine betaine

Mungbean (VignaradiataL. Wilczek) is an important grain legume widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the Indian subcontinent and in South East Asian countries. Protein and carbohydrate of Mungbean are easily digestible and create less flatulence than proteins derived from other legumes.Mungbean is very sensitive to salinity, drought, high and low temperature during the flowering and seed/pod development stages resulting in heavy losses to productivity. The development of genetically engineered plants by the introduction and/or over expression of selected abiotic stress tolerant genes seems to be a viable option for obtaining improved plants. Stable transformation and expression of transgene (codA gene) was achieved in mungbean through Agrobacterium tumefaciensmediated system using cotyledonary node explants, under the optimized conditions. Molecular analysis of transgenic plants was done by using PCR, DOT-BLOT, ELISA and Western blotting. The primary transformants were checked for salt tolerance by the leaf disc test