Macrovascular Complications and their risk factors in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Hyderabad, Pakistan.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM), is the universally occurring non-communicable disease as well as exemplary health problem affecting peo-ple worldwide.1 The number of cases of DM are rising at an enormous pace irrespective of any age, gender, economic status or ethnicity around the globe.Objective: To evaluate the macro-vascular complications and its correlation with different risk factors among type-2 diabetic patients.Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Red Crescent General Hospital Latifabad Hyderabad from October 2018 to October 2020. Type 2 diabetics of either gender, between age 20 and 70 years, on diabetic medication visited during the study duration were included in the study. Data related to socio-demographic details and clinical features was collect-ed from the participants using a written questionnaire. Collected data was analyzed using SPSS ver. 22.Results: Significant association (p<0.05) was demonstrated between Coro-nary artery diseases and the risk factors like; age of patient, the duration of diabetes mellitus, diastolic as well as systolic blood pressures, body mass index and serum triglycerides levels. While the statistically significant asso-ciation (p<0.05) of peripheral vascular diseases with the duration of diabe-tes mellitus, systolic blood pressure and serum triglyceride levels. Whereas, cerebrovascular disease was associated (p<0.05) with age, systolic and diastolic BP.Conclusion: The coronary artery disease seems to be most frequent macro-vascular complication among the type 2 diabetic patients. Whereas the risk factors including; advancing age, duration of diabetes mellitus, hyperten-sion, BMI as well as serum triglycerides levels are the most significant fac-tors for these complications.Key Words: Coronary artery disease, Cerebrovascular Disease, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Peripheral vascular diseas

ابراہیم جلیس: شہرہ آفاق ترقی پسند ادیب

This article is about a world renowned writer 'Ibrahim Jalees'. He was born in an age when the Indian society had lost respect for human values. He raised his voice against the suffocated atmosphere to bring change in society. His writings are representative and interpreter of the masses. He was a true journalist. He raised his voice through his writings against poverty, unemployment, hunger and oppression. He wrote against imperialistic powers. Most of his writings are about the poor masses of Hindustan. After the establishment of Pakistan, the Muslims and the Hindus became rival of each other. The Muslims were persecuted during migration. Jalees has described the pathetic situation of Hindustan in his fictions. Jalees' writings are of high standard as far as the beauty of their subject matter is concerned. Jaleees had to go to jail for his revolutionary writings. Social issues are also mentioned in his writings. He tolerated the pains of jail but could not be bought. His creative ventures will always remain alive. While writing about the pains of aggrieved people, he himself fell a victim to oppressions. Jalees will always be remembered in Urdu literature and his fame will be everlasting

Active and reactive power control of the doubly fed induction generator based on wind energy conversion system

This paper presents a dynamic modeling and control of doubly fed induction-generator (DFIG) based on the wind turbine systems. Active and reactive power control of the DFIG are based on the feedback technique by using the suitable voltage vectors on the rotor side. The rotor flux has no impact on the changes of the stator active and reactive power. The proposed controller is based on the feedback technique in order to reduce the oscillation of the generator. The control approach is estimated through the simulation result of the feedback controller assembled with DFIG wind turbines. It is applied by the feedback control based techniques in order to control the power flowing of DFIG and the power grid. Hence, an improved feedback control technique is adopted to get a better power flow transfer and to improve the dynamic system and transient stability. In stable condition, the improved performance of the controller, the proposed method is verified for the effectiveness of the control method is done in stable conditions

Digital Control Techniques Based on Voltage Source Inverters in Renewable Energy Applications: A Review

In the modern era, distributed generation is considered as an alternative source for power generation. Especially, need of the time is to provide the three-phase loads with smooth sinusoidal voltages having fixed frequency and amplitude. A common solution is the integration of power electronics converters in the systems for connecting distributed generation systems to the stand-alone loads. Thus, the presence of suitable control techniques, in the power electronic converters, for robust stability, abrupt response, optimal tracking ability and error eradication are inevitable. A comprehensive review based on design, analysis, validation of the most suitable digital control techniques and the options available for the researchers for improving the power quality is presented in this paper with their pros and cons. Comparisons based on the cost, schemes, performance, modulation techniques and coordinates system are also presented. Finally, the paper describes the performance evaluation of the control schemes on a voltage source inverter (VSI) and proposes the different aspects to be considered for selecting a power electronics inverter topology, reference frames, filters, as well as control strategy

PETROGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF LIMESTONE OF THE LAKI FORMATION USED IN CONSTRUCTION SECTOR FROM JAMSHORO AND THATTA DISTRICTS, SINDH, PAKISTAN

Limestone belonging to the Laki Formation is well exposed at Nooriabad, Jhampir, and Makli Hills.  Representative samples of the Laki Formation limestone were collected from different locations such as Jamshoro, Bolhari, Makli Hills, and Nooriabad. The four crush plants i.e. Afridi Crush Plant and New Hazara Crush Plant (Makli, Thatta District), Shah Rahim Crush Plant and Bhatti Crush Plant (Nooriabad, Jamshoro District) were selected for sampling. The Petrographic investigation as per ASTM- C295-03 (1) was performed using standard thin sections. The megascopic and microscopic study results reflect no hindrance in using the studied limestone. For cement concrete, this limestone can be used for the low-strength concrete and aggregate base course and sub-base. Variation in lithology, stratification and non-homogeneity was observed, however, the aggregate from the New Hazara crush plant is found fractured in nature and therefore, its use as concrete material is not suggested. The studied limestone of all crushed plants does not show any potential for Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) and Alkali Carbonate Reaction (ACR). Based on the present study, it is concluded that the studied limestone of the Laki Formation from the above-mentioned locations is suitable for construction purposes and industrial use. For cement concrete, this limestone can be used for the low strength concrete and pavement (sub-base & base coarse) as well as aggregate base course. In the stockpile of crushed aggregate on crusher plants, the chalky limestone was found to be less stable and less durable

Internet Use and Its Addiction Among Medical Students in Hyderabad, Pakistan

Background: With the advances in information and technology, internet addiction appears as a serious obsessive condition that has numerous dreadful effects on human physical and mental health. The objective of the study was to determine the level of internet addiction among medical undergraduate students of Isra University, Hyderabad. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted at the Isra University, Hyderabad from August to December 2019. All medical (MBBS) undergraduate students of either sex were included. A stratified sampling technique was used for the selection of participants. A structured 5-point Likert scale questionnaire for the internet addiction test was adopted from Dr. Kimberly Young and used for the collection of participant’s information and measurement of their level of addiction. Results: A total of 263 undergraduate medical students participated in the study. The majority (56.65%) were males while 51.71% were from the age group 21-22 years. Over two-thirds (85.17%) of participants were found to be internet addicts. Of these internet addicts, 63.84% were mild or minimal internet addicts while 12.05% were severely addicted participants. A statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was observed between gender, age groups, year of study, and current residential status of participants. Conclusion: Internet addiction was highly prevalent among undergraduate medical students, specially in the age group (19-20) years, hostlers, 2nd year of study and male

Implementation of Distributed Generation with Solar Plants in a 132 kV Grid Station at Layyah Using ETAP

Decentralized power generation efficaciously merges technological advances in a rapidly changing face of power networks introducing new power system components, advanced control, renewable sources, elegant communication, and web technology paving the way for the so called smart grids. Distributed generation technology lies at the intersection point of power systems, power electronics, control engineering, renewable energy, and communication systems which are not mutually exclusive subjects. Key features of renewable integration in a distribution network include loss minimization, voltage stability, power quality improvement, and low-cost consumption resulting from abundant natural resources such as solar or wind energy. In this research work, a case study has been carried out at a 132 kV grid station of Layyah, Pakistan, which has active losses, reactive losses, low power factor, low voltage on the demand side, and overloaded transformers and distribution lines. As a result, power outage issue is frequent on the consumer side. To overcome this issue, a simulation of load flow of this system is performed using the Newton-Raphson method due to its less computational time, fewer iterations, fast convergence, and independence from slack bus selection. It finds the harsh condition in which there were 23 overloaded transformers, 38 overloaded distribution lines, poor voltage profile, and low power factor at the demand side. There is a deficit of 24 MW in the whole system along with 4.58 MW active and 12.30 MVAR reactive power losses. To remove power deficiency, distributed generation using solar plants is introduced to an 11 kV distribution system with a total of 24 units with each unit having a capacity of 1 MW. Consequently, active and reactive power losses are reduced to 0.548 MW and 0.834 MVAR, respectively. Furthermore, the voltage profile improves, the power factor enhances, and the line losses reduce to a great extent. Finally, overloaded transformers and distribution lines also return to normal working conditions